Unit 5 Flashcards
branch of science concerned with classification
taxonomy
the evolutionary history of a species or group of species
phylogeny
a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships
systematics
who invented binomial nomenclature
carolus linnaeus (Karol von Linne)
how is the binomial nomenclature set up
- Genus
- specific epithet (species)
order of the Linnean system
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
a lineage that diverges from all other members of its group early in the history of the group
basal taxonomy
a type of systematics where common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms
cladistics
a group that consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants (single tribe)
monophyletic group
a group that consists of an ancestral species and some but not all of its descendants (beside the tribe)
paraphyletic group
a group that includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor (many tribes)
polyphyletic group
phenotypic and genetic similarities due to a common ancestor
synapomorphy/homology
what is used to create phylogenetic trees
shared characteristics
describe molecular homologies
DNA sequences of species are compared, closely related species will have sequences that only differ at one or a few sites
what do DNA sequences of distantly related species look like?
the sequences differ at many sites due to deletion and insertion mutations that accumulate over time
which DNA sequence is used to investigate relationships between taxa that evolved hundreds of millions of years ago
ribosomal RNA, it changes slowly over time
which DNA sequence is used to investigate recent evolutionary changes
mitochondrial DNA, it evolves rapidly
how does gene duplication play a role in evolutionary change?
it increases the number of genes in a genome,providing more opportunities for evolutionary changes
groups of related genes within an organisms genome
gene family
type of gene where homologies are a result of a speciation event, occurs between genes found in different species
orthologous genes
type of gene where homologies result from gene duplication, multiple copies of these genes have diverges from one another within a species
paralogous genes
a process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another, through mechanisms such as the exchange of transportable elements and plasmids, viral infections, and fusion of organisms
horizontal gene transfer
