Unit 5

Question 1

branch of science concerned with classification

Answer 1

taxonomy

Question 2

the evolutionary history of a species or group of species

Answer 2

phylogeny

Question 3

a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

Answer 3

systematics

Question 4

who invented binomial nomenclature

Answer 4

carolus linnaeus (Karol von Linne)

Question 5

how is the binomial nomenclature set up

Answer 5

1. Genus
2. specific epithet (species)

Question 6

order of the Linnean system

Answer 6

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 7

a lineage that diverges from all other members of its group early in the history of the group

Answer 7

basal taxonomy

Question 8

a type of systematics where common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms

Answer 8

cladistics

Question 9

a group that consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants (single tribe)

Answer 9

monophyletic group

Question 10

a group that consists of an ancestral species and some but not all of its descendants (beside the tribe)

Answer 10

paraphyletic group

Question 11

a group that includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor (many tribes)

Answer 11

polyphyletic group

Question 12

phenotypic and genetic similarities due to a common ancestor

Answer 12

synapomorphy/homology

Question 13

what is used to create phylogenetic trees

Answer 13

shared characteristics

Question 14

describe molecular homologies

Answer 14

DNA sequences of species are compared, closely related species will have sequences that only differ at one or a few sites

Question 15

what do DNA sequences of distantly related species look like?

Answer 15

the sequences differ at many sites due to deletion and insertion mutations that accumulate over time

Question 16

which DNA sequence is used to investigate relationships between taxa that evolved hundreds of millions of years ago

Answer 16

ribosomal RNA, it changes slowly over time

Question 17

which DNA sequence is used to investigate recent evolutionary changes

Answer 17

mitochondrial DNA, it evolves rapidly

Question 18

how does gene duplication play a role in evolutionary change?

Answer 18

it increases the number of genes in a genome,providing more opportunities for evolutionary changes

Question 19

groups of related genes within an organisms genome

Answer 19

gene family

Question 20

type of gene where homologies are a result of a speciation event, occurs between genes found in different species

Answer 20

orthologous genes

Question 21

type of gene where homologies result from gene duplication, multiple copies of these genes have diverges from one another within a species

Answer 21

paralogous genes

Question 22

a process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another, through mechanisms such as the exchange of transportable elements and plasmids, viral infections, and fusion of organisms

Answer 22

horizontal gene transfer