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Biodiversity (Bio 2) > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why is antibiotic resistance becoming more common

A

Bacteria and viruses can produce new generations in a short period of time - resistant strains can proliferate life very quickly

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2
Q

How is antibiotic resistance an example of evolution

A

pathogens in a population that are resistant to antibiotics are selected, evolution by natural selection occurs rapidly due to the rapid reproduction, pathogens that are resistant will survive the antibiotics and reproduce

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3
Q

Evolution

A

(1) descent with modification; change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation
(2) the process by which a species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time

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4
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

a British naturalist who developed a hypothesis on natural selection nearly identical to Darwin’s- submitted his ideas for publication first

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5
Q

What is Lamarck primarily known for?

A

his incorrect hypothesis of evolution

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6
Q

Lamarcks hypothesis of evolution

A
  1. (use and disuse) parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while parts that aren’t used deteriorate
    2.(inheritance of acquired characteristics) organisms pass modifications to their offspring
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7
Q

What was Lamarcks visionary recognition about?

A

proposed how life changes over time, evolutionary changes explain patterns in fossils and how organisms are well suited for their environments

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8
Q

Lamarck thought evolution happens because

A

organisms have an innate drive to become more complex

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9
Q

Georges Buffon

A

discovered that animals of different species could be crossbred, but their offspring were infertile

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10
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

developed paleontology (the study of fossils)

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11
Q

What did Cuvier infer about extinction

A

opposed evolution believed the boundary between strata represented a catastrophic event that destroyed species

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12
Q

James Hutton

A

proposed that earth’s geological features could be explained by gradual mechanisms

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13
Q

Charles Lyell

A

proposed that the same geological process that Hutton suggested are operating today as in the past at the same rate

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14
Q

Who suggested that profound change could take place through the cumulative effect of slow but continuous processes

A

Hutton and Lyell

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15
Q

How did Darwin apply the idea of gradual change to biological evolution

A

if a geological change results from slow continuous events, the earth must be much older than was believed

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16
Q

Charles Darwin

A

wrote The Origin of species,developed a scientific explanation for the diversity of life - concluded that all life develops over time

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17
Q

Darwin’s description of natural selection

A

explains how adaptations arise; a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at a higher rate because of their traits

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18
Q

Microevolution

A

a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

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19
Q

Birds with alleles encoding large beaks surviving at a higher rate is an example of

A

microevolution

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20
Q

Macroevolution

A

the broad pattern of evolution above the species level

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21
Q

The origin of new groups of organisms such as mammals or flowering plants through a series of speciation events is an example of

A

Macroevolution

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22
Q

Gene Pool

A

all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population

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23
Q

Directional selection

A

shifts the overall makeup of the population by favoring variants that are at one extreme of the distribution

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24
Q

Disruptive selection

A

favors variants at both ends of the distribution

25
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

removes extreme variants from the population and preserves intermediate types

26
Q

Conditions favor one extreme of a phenotype; light mice are favored over dark mice

A

directional selection

27
Q

conditions favor both extremes of a phenotype and select against intermediate types; light and dark mice favored only

A

disruptive selection

28
Q

acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate; selects against light and dark mice

A

stabilizing selection

29
Q

Natural selection vs artificial selection

A

Natural= nature selects variations with favorable traits better suited for an environment
Artificial= humans select and breed individuals based on selected traits

30
Q

When a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, the smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population

A

Founder effect

31
Q

members of a population being blown away by a storm to a new island is an example of

A

The founder effect

32
Q

a sudden change in the environment may drastically reduce the size of a population, alleles may become overrepresented, underrepresented or absent due to the drastic size reduction

A

bottleneck effect

33
Q

Yellow, blue and white marbles mixed together are poured into a glass, there are now mainly blue marbles, one white and no yellow

A

bottleneck effect

34
Q

chance events that cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next, especially in small populations

A

genetic drift

35
Q

A small wildflower population has a stable size of 10 plants, by chance only 5 plants of generation 1 produce fertile offspring, by chance again only 2 plants of generation 2 produce fertile offspring

A

genetic drift

36
Q

related species have characteristics that are similar but have different functions

A

homologous structures

37
Q

a human, cat, whale and bat all have the same basic skeletal structure but are used for different purposes

A

homologous structures

38
Q

features that share similar functions but not common ancestry

A

analogous structures

39
Q

a feature of an organism that is a historical remanent of a structure that served a function in the organism’s ancestors

A

vestigial structure

40
Q

a human embryo having a tail before it is reabsorbed is an example of what structure

A

vestigial

41
Q

the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

A

convergent evolution

42
Q

why do distantly related organisms resemble one another

A

convergent evolution; individuals evolve from different ancestors but adapt to similar environments in similar ways

43
Q

similarities between sugar gliders and flying squirrels is an example of

A

convergent evolution

44
Q

Types of fossils

A

-sedimentary rock
-mineralized organic matter
-trace fossils
-amber
-frozen soil, ice and acid bogs

45
Q

most common technique of dating a fossil

A

radiometric dating

46
Q

the time required for 50% of the parent isotope to decay

A

half-life

47
Q

Wallaces line separates

A

the Asian and Australian biotic regions

48
Q

Linnaeus classification system

A

-species
-genus
-family
-order
-class
-phylum
-kingdom

49
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

genus, species

50
Q

long periods of apparent stasis, in which a species undergoes little or no morphological change, interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change

A

punctuated equilibrium

51
Q

slow and gradual changes in a species , occurs in small periodic changes in the gene pool

A

gradualism

52
Q

the techniques used to study ___ ____ are based on the comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences among species

A

molecular evolution

53
Q

first main stage to produce simple cells

A

the abiotic (nonliving) synthesis of small organic molecules such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases

54
Q

second main stage to produce simple cells

A

joining of small molecules into macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids

55
Q

third main stage to produce simple cells

A

packaging of molecules into protocells

56
Q

fourth main stage to produce simple cells

A

origin of self replicating molecules that made inheritance possible

57
Q

layered rocks that form when certain prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together

A

stromatolites

58
Q

what was earths first organism

A

single-celled prokaryotes that lived in the ocean

Biodiversity (Bio 2) (4 decks)

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