UNIT 4A

Question 1

prokaryotes

Answer 1

important to the human environment (decomposers/aids/photosynthetic); used for anitbiotics+research

Question 2

archaea

Answer 2

live in harsh conditions

Question 3

eubacteria

Answer 3

most prokaryotes

Question 4

cell wall

Answer 4

made of covalently linked layers of peptidoglycan

Question 5

gram positive

Answer 5

many layers of peptidoglycan held by amino acid cross bridges (purple)

Question 6

gram negative

Answer 6

few layers of peptidoglycan + layer of lipopolysaccharide (pink)

Question 7

periplasmic space

Answer 7

gap between wall + membrane; active area for metabolism

Question 8

endospore

Answer 8

resting stage to survive harsh conditions

Question 9

flagella

Answer 9

3 protein threads + hook; used to move

Question 10

pili (fimbriae)

Answer 10

protein threads projecting from cell surface; attach to host cell; form a pilus bridge so a plasmid can be transferred

Question 11

capsule

Answer 11

lipid layer surrounding cell wall for protection

Question 12

glycocalyx

Answer 12

long sticky threads/slime layer; aids in attachment (mouth)

Question 13

shape

Answer 13

coccus (sphere), bacillus (rod), vibrio (comma), spirochete (corkscrew), spirillum (wavy ridge), coccobacilli (short rod)

Question 14

pleomorphism

Answer 14

bacteria of the same culture can vary slightly in size/shape

Question 15

arrangement

Answer 15

diplo (2), strepto(chain), staphlo (cluster), tetrad (4 cocci in square), sarcina (tetrad cube),

Question 16

binary fission

Answer 16

asexual division of cell; genes in singular chromosome

Question 17

plasmid

Answer 17

small circular DNA molecule separate from bacterial chromosome

Question 18

mutation

Answer 18

spontaneous change in genetic information

Question 19

recombination

Answer 19

combining DNA from 2 individuals into single genome

Question 20

transformation

Answer 20

uptake foreign DNA from environment (transporter enzymes +protein receptors needed)

Question 21

transduction

Answer 21

generalized (virus takes host DNA and infects new host); specialized (phage targets specific gene)

Question 22

conjugation

Answer 22

direct transfer of plasmid that results in ability to form sex pili

Question 23

F-factor

Answer 23

spacial DNA on plasmid for ability to form sex pili

Question 24

R -plasmids

Answer 24

plasmids w/genes for antibiotic resistance

Question 25

heterotrophic

Answer 25

use organic compounds

Question 26

autotrophic

Answer 26

use CO2 as carbon source

Question 27

classification

Answer 27

based on source of carbon + energy

Question 28

nucleoid region

Answer 28

place in cell where DNA strand resides