Unit 4: "Young America" Vocab Flashcards
Alien and Sedition Acts
Act passed by J. Adams that were unpopular because they limited freedom of speech. Made him not get re-elected. (More in Unit 3)
Strict Constructionalism
Interperting a statute (in this case the constitution) exactly as it is written (constitution doesnt say the fed. gov. can buy land)
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Monrie was sent to negotiate trading rgihts with france for Missispi River but Napolean offered the whole Louisiana territory for 15 mil. Doubled the size of the US.
Corp of Discovery
Lewis and Clark were tasked with the exploration of the new Louisiana Territory. Led to better mapping and understanding of the regino and diplomatic relations with antives who lived there.
Juciciary Act
Act passed by Adams in the last days of his presidency to pack the courts, Marbury sued Madison when he didnt feliver his appointment saying he had a right to them under this act, was declared unconstitutional
Midnight Judges
Judges John Adams appointed at the very last moments of his authority
John Marshall
4th cheif supreme justice; did more to expand federal and supreme court power than almost anyone
Marbury v Madison 1803)
Supreme Court case. Outcome: Established Judicial review; expanded the power of the supreme court, allowing it to rule laws unconstitutional.
McCulloch v Maryland (1819)
John Marshall and the court ruled now, a state bank cannot tax a federal bank AND federal law trumps state law whenever the two contradict (BOOM more expansion of federal power)
Impress
When the British would seize American ships travelling to France, they would draft those who were English citizens to the war, but often they were false claims.
Embargo Act (1807)
Act passed by T. Jefferson halting all American exports to foreign ports. Was in response to Eur. counties seizing ships but had a devastating effect on US economy instead.
Nonintercourse Act (1809)
Act passed by T. Jefferson in response to unpopularity of Embargo Act, resuming all US trade except to France and England. Napolean agreed to stop seizing US ships, so England was the only one left out.
War Hawks
Democratic-Republican faction that wanted war with England for respect.
War of 1812
Americas first war, it was against England. Their motivations were England’s disrespect of the US and to defeat Natives in the west allied with England.
Tecumseh
A native who realized all natives had to stick together to defeat the colonizers, but too late. He led the last major resistance against the US.
Battle of Thames
Here Tecumseh was killed and after this, the US faced no major resistance to their westward expansion.
Treaty of Ghent (1814)
The 12 year war with Napolean led to war fatigue in england so this ended the war of 1812. Returned all the land claimed by England and and reestablished the former Canadian American border
Battle of New Orleans
One of the only battles where the US actually dominated the British. Led by Andrew Jackon 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent because he had not received word of it.
Hartford Convention
Federalist meeting to oppose the war, but they did not realize it had already ended. Demands to not secede: no slave representation, 2/3 majority to declare war, limit pres to 1 term and cant be from same state twice. making them look like unpatriotic traitors.
Era of Good Feelings
After the federalist party dissolved, there was no political parties fighting.
Treaty of 1818
Treaty by J. Monroe establishing the American Canadian birder and joint occupation of the Oregon territory.
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Spain was losing control of its territories in S. America and A. Jackson’s campaigns in Florida made them realize the US would soon take Florida. So, they traded Florida with the US in exchange for a piece of what is now Texas and $5m.
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Announced that European colonization in the Americas was over and that the US would not get involved in European conflicts. England was the true enforcer of this.
Missouri Problem
A problem that arose when Missouri applied for statehood, because that would create 12 slave states and 11 free states.
Talmadge Amendment
James Talmadge proposed that Missouri be added as a free state.
Henry Clay
His American system, compromise of 1820/missouri
The Missouri Compromise
Proposed by Henry Clay, this admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Prohibited slavery in the Louisiana territory. Established the 36 30 parallel
Panic of 1819
Americas first major economic depression ( this plus missouri compromise [regional tension] led to end of Era of Good Feelings
Universal White Make Suffrage
Giving all ‘white’ mean the right to vote, without any fees or land requirements. The constitution established that all men were created equal, so people were quick to point out the contradiction to that in American society.
Election of 1824
Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and William H. Crawford. Jackson had the most votes but not the majority, so the House of Representatives had to pick. They chose John Quincy Adams.
The Corrupt Bargain
Henry Clay used his influence to get J.Q. Adams elected and Adams chose him as his Secretary as State. This position was seen as the gateway to the presidency.
Henry Clay’s American System
Came after the War of 1812, supported tariffs to strengthen northern industry, supported reestablishment of national bank, supported improved infrastructure by building roads and canals.
Tariff of 1828 (Nicknamed Tariff of Abominations by the South)
Established by JQA; High tax on imports from Europe angered the South (S. Carolina threatened to secede)
Democrats
A new political faction after election of 1824. Led by A. Jackson. Resembled the old dem-republican party. Supported: weaker fed. gov, free trade (anti-tariffs), agriculture
National Republicans
A new political faction after election of 1824. Led by J.Q. Adams & H. Clay. Resembled old federalist party. Supported: National Bank, tariffs, infrastructure.
Election of 1828
A. Jackson vs J.Q. Adams. Introduced mudslinging (because more common people were now able to vote) (nasty rumors and drama + more voters made a record turnoutz)
Market Revolution
Dramatically changed US economy in 19th century. People started selling their goods or services for money, creating a market. And getting jobs outside the home. “The Linking of northern industries to western and southern farms; created by adavnces in industry, agriculture and transportation.”
National Road/Cumberland Road (1811)
Connected Maryland to Illinois. Was one of few interstate roads because states did not want to be financially responsible for roads beyond their borders.
Erie Canal (1825) +steamboat
Connects the Great Lake region to New York.
Railroads
Rails eventually replaced canals; gov, even facilitated expansion of them by giving grants, tax breaks and sometimes land
Telegraph (1834)
Invented by Samuel Morse
Morse Code
Language of beeps used to communicate via telegraph.
Eli Whitney
Developed interchangable parts and the cotton gin
Cotton Gin
Developed by Eli Whitney in … greatly increased the production of cotton and therefore the demand for slavery
Interchangeable parts
Invented by Eli Whitney, it was individual parts being mass produced for sale. Craftsmen required far less training (and pay.) Revolutionized industry
Samuel Slater
Brought the first spinning mill to America. He built it from memory from working at a factory in England.
Lowell System
Francis Cabot Lowell employed women and children in his textile factories for individual pay. A shift from the family-unit work used before. Paid workers little and they lived in dorms under supervision.
King Cotton / Cotton Kingdom
After the cotton gin and the growth of textile factories, cotton was the number 1 cash crop being produced in the US, change in south from subsistence farming to comercial farming and growing connection to international markets too
Revolutions of 1848
Uprisings across Europe that tried to overthrow monarchies but failed. Motivation for immigrants to come to the US.
Slums
Communities with poorly constructed buildings that were overcrowded. Mostly by immigrants of the same country (in each slum)
Cult of Domesticity
Women expected to have children, raise the children and maintain the home (the private sphere) while husbands provided the income and participared in politics (public sphere)
Romanticism
A literary and artistic movement marked chiefly by an emphasis on the imagination and emotions.
Hudson River School
Used their art to paint dramatic american, untouched landscapes but sometimes included little hints of encroachment of civilization, but as painters chanelled romanticism they sacrifcied some accuracy
Transendentalism
“Transendalists advocated the idea of a personal knowledge of God, believing that no intermediary was needed for spiritual insight.” They believed that nature (romantisim beliefeif in power of nature!) was closest you could be to God rather than in a church.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Writing emphized individualism and self reliance, “Nature is the closest you can get to God (opposed to a church).
Henry David Thoreau
Transcendalist philosopher who spent 2 years in a cabin by the woods and lived as simply as he could. Tried to use his ponderings on nature to understand the universe and life
Second Great Awakening
A Protestant Revival in the 1800’s. Spurred by romanticism and transcendalism. New religions looking to seperate from society and creater their own utopias such as Shakers and Onieda, Converted many people and led to many reforms such as prison reforms, reforms for the mentally ill and reforms for equal education.
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Sparked by Nat Turner, killed 57 whites. Outcome: Virginia banned black preachers, banned free blacks from owning guns, and made it illegal to teach slaves to read.
Amistad Rebellion
In Africa people were captured and sold to European slave traders which was illegal. On the way to Cuba, they took over the boat and veered it off course. They landed in New England. The Amistad Case was important because it freed dozens of Africans to their home and changed racial attitudes in the North.
Peculiar institution
A euphemistic term for slavery defending the contradictions of it in the constitution.
Positive good
An argument coined by the south after slavery started losing popularity all over the word. Argued that slavery benefited both races because blacks were taken care of for life and benefitted from Christianity and benefitted whites because elites could dedicate their lives to science, education and the betterment of the country.
