Unit 4 Vocab

Question 1

Oregon trail

Answer 1

overland trail of more than two thousand miles that carried American settlers from the Midwest to new settlements in Oregon, California and Utah

Question 2

Santa Fe trail

Answer 2

the 900-mile trail opened by American merchants for trading purposes following Mexico’s liberalization of the formerly restrictive trading policies of Spain

Question 3

Alamo

Answer 3

Francician mission in San Antonio, Texas that was the site in 1836 of a siege and massacre of Texans by Mexican troop

Question 4

groups of local settlers on the nineteenth-century frontier who banded together to prevent the price of their land claims from being bid up by outsiders at public land auctions

Answer 4

Claim clubs

Question 5

Doctrine, first expressed in 1845, that the expansion of white Americans across the continent was inevitable and ordained by God

Answer 5

Manifest destiny

Question 6

the addition of half a million square miles to the US as a result of victory in the 1846 war between the US and Mex

Answer 6

Mexican session of 1848

Question 7

4-step compromise that admitted Cali. as a free state, allowed residents of the New Mexico and UT territories to decide the slavery issue for themselves, ended the slave trade in DC, and passes a new fugitive slave law to enforce the constitutional provision

Answer 7

Compromise of 1850

Question 8

amendment offered by Penn. Democrat David Wilmot in 1846 which said “as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico…neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory.”

Answer 8

Wilmont proviso

Question 9

solution to the slavery crisis suggested by MI senator Lewis Cass by which territorial residents, not Congress, would decide slavery’s fate.

Answer 9

Popular sovereignty

Question 10

law, part of the Compromise of 1850, that required authorities in the North to assist southern slave catchers and return runaway slaves to their owners

Answer 10

Fugitive slave act

Question 11

violence between pro and antislavery forces in Kansas Territory after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act on 1854

Answer 11

Bleeding Kansas

Question 12

law passed in 1854 creating the Kansas and Nebraska Territories but leaving the question of slavery open to residents, thereby repealing the Missouri Compromise

Answer 12

Kansas Nebraska act

Question 13

nation proclaimed in Montgomery, AL, in Feb. 1861 after the seven states of the Lower South seceded from the United States

Answer 13

Confederate states of America

Question 14

anti-immagrant party formed from the wreckage of the Whig Party and some disaffected northern Dems. in 1854

Answer 14

Know nothing party

Question 15

New England abolitionist John Brown’s ill-faded attempt to free Virginia’s slaves with a raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia in 1859

Answer 15

John browns raid

Question 16

party that emerged in the 1850s in the aftermath of the bitter controversy over the Kansas- Nebraska Act, consisting of former Whigs, some northern Dems, and many Know-Nothings.

Answer 16

Republican Party

Question 17

series of debated in the 1858 Illinois senatorial campaign during which Democrat Stephan A. Douglas and Republican Lincoln staked out their differing opinions on the issue of slavery in the territories

Answer 17

Lincoln Douglas debates

Question 18

national party formed in 1860, mainly by former Whigs, that emphasized allegiance to the Union and strict enforcement of all national legislation

Answer 18

Constitutional union party

Question 19

Decree announced by President Abraham Lincoln in September 1862 and formally issued on Jan. 1 1863, freeing slaves in all Confederate states still in rebellion

Answer 19

Emancipation proclamation

Question 20

Law passed by Congress in August 1861, it liberated only those slaves who had directly assisted the Confedrate war effort or whose masters were openly disloyal to the Union

Answer 20

First confiscation act

Question 21

a term Republicans applied to northern war dissenters and those suspected of aiding the Confederate cause during the Civil War

Answer 21

Copperheads

Question 22

a shifting group of Republican congressmen, usually a substantial minority, who favored the abolition of slavery from the beginning of the Civil War and later advocated harsh treatment of the defeated South

Answer 22

Radicle republicanism

Question 23

Constitution amendment ratified in 1865 that freed all slaves throughput the United States

Answer 23

13th amendment

Question 24

the phrase many white southerners applied to their Civil War defeat. They viewed the war as a noble cause and their defeat as only a temporary setback in the South’s ultimate vindication

Answer 24

Lost cause

Question 25

constitutional amendment passed by Congress in April 1866 incorporating some of the features of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. It prohibited States from violating the civil rights of their citizens and offered states the choice of allowing black people to vote or losing representation in Congress

Answer 25

14th amendment

Question 26

Agency established by Congress in March 1865 to provide social, educational and economic services, advice, and protection to former slaves and destitute whites; lasted 7 years

Answer 26

Freedman’s bureau

Question 27

Order by Gerneral William T. Sherman in January 1865 to set aside abandoned land along the southern Atlantic coast for 40-acre grants to the Civil War. Also, during the Reconstruction era, laws passed by newly elected southern state legislatures to control black labor, mobility, and employment.

Answer 27

Field order no. 15

Question 28

labor system that evolved during and after Reconstruction whereby landowners furnished laborers with a house, farm animals, and tools and advanced credit in exchange for a share of the laborers’ crop.

Answer 28

Share cropping

Question 29

laws passed by states and municipalities denying many rights of citizenship to free blacks before the Civil War. Also, during the Reconstruction era, laws passed by newly elected southern state legislatures to control black labor, mobility, and employment

Answer 29

Black codes

Question 30

southern whites, mainly small landowning farmers and well-off merchants and planters, whi supported the southern Republican Party during Reconstruction for diverse reasons; a disparaging term.

Answer 30

Scalawags

Question 31

passed by Congress in 1869, guaranteed the right of American men to vote, regardless of race.

Answer 31

15th amendment

Question 32

southern Democrats who wrested control of governments in the former Confederacy from Republicans, often through electoral fraud and violence, beginning in 1870.

Answer 32

Redeemers

Question 33

pejorative term to describe northern transplants to the South, many of whom were Union soldiers who stayed in the South after the war

Answer 33

Carpet baggers

Question 34

perhaps the most prominent of the vigilante groups that terrorized black people in the South during Reconstruction Era, founded by Confederate veterans in 1866

Answer 34

Kkk

Question 35

the congressional settling of the 1876 election that installed Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in the White House and gave Democrats control of all state governments in the South

Answer 35

Compromise of 1877