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AP US History > Unit 4 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 4 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

Democratic Republican; 3rd president of the US; elected in the Revolution of 1800

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2
Q

Aaron Burr

A

Democratic Republican; vice president to Jefferson; killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel

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3
Q

Strict interpretation

A

government only has the powers specifically granted to it by the Constitution; supported by Democratic Republicans

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4
Q

Loose interpretation

A

government can do what is best for the country even if the Constitution doesn’t explicitly state it

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5
Q

Twelfth Amendment

A

separate electoral votes for president and vice president; party ticket

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6
Q

Midnight appointments

A

Adams fills government positions with Federalists before leaving office

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7
Q

Marbury v. Madison

A

William Marbury sues James Madison or not certifying his federal appointment; Supreme Court ruled in Marbury’s favor but did not enact his right

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8
Q

John Marshall

A

chief justice of the Supreme Court (1801 - 1835); Federalist; established judicial review

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9
Q

Judicial review

A

Supreme Court can review/challenge the constitutionality of federal laws

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10
Q

Louisiana Purchase

A

US government buys Louisiana Territory from the French for $15 million; France accepts to pay for war

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11
Q

Essex Junto

A

group of New England Federalists who planned to secede from the US following the Louisiana Purchase

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12
Q

Quids

A

Republicans who criticized Jefferson for violating Republican principles after the Louisiana Purchase

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13
Q

Lewis & Clark

A

explored the trans-Mississippi West from 1804-1806; aided by Sacajawea; led to better knowledge of the area and better relations with Native Americans

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14
Q

Barbary Pirates

A

Jefferson sent US Navy to combat pirates in Tripoli

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15
Q

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

A

British warship Leopard fired on US warship Chesapeake; 3 Americans were killed and 4 were impressed into the British Navy; raised anti-British sentiments in the US

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16
Q

Impressment

A

Britain captured US ships and declared that the sailors had deserted from the British Navy, forcing them to rejoin

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17
Q

Embargo Act of 1807

A

shut down America’s import/export business; severely damaged the economy (especially in the North)

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18
Q

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

A

reopened US trade with most nations except for Britain and France (two largest trade partners)

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19
Q

James Madison

A

4th president of the US (Jefferson’s vice president) also known as the Father of the Constitution; elected in 1808 after Jefferson’s endorsement

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20
Q

Macon’s Bill No. 2

A

reopened trade with France and England, promising that if either nation renounced its interference with US trade then the other would be cut off

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21
Q

Napoleon’s deception

A

Napoleon agreed to the conditions of Macon’s Bill and the US cut off trade with Britain, but France continued to harass American merchant ships

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22
Q

War Hawks

A

Democratic Republicans who favored war with Britain; led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

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23
Q

Henry Clay

A

Secretary of State under Quincy Adams (corrupt bargain); War Hawk; lobbied for the American System

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24
Q

John C. Calhoun

A

Andrew Jackson’s vice president; War Hawk; supporter of nullification (states’ rights)

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25
Q

War of 1812

A

fought between the British and the US over British trade restrictions; byproduct of the conflict between France and Britain; “Mr. Madison’s War”

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26
Q

Tecumseh

A

Native chief who unified area tribes to stop American expansion into Illinois and Indiana; battled against William Henry Harrison in the Battle of Tippecanoe; supplied with weapons by the British

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27
Q

The Prophet

A

Tecumseh’s brother, Tenskwatawa; led a revival of traditional Native American religion and culture

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28
Q

Hartford Convention

A

Federalists met in Connecticut to discuss potential secession from the US during the War of 1812; led Federalists to be seen as traitors (demise of the Federalist Party)

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29
Q

Tariff of 1816

A

protected US manufacturers from competition brought by British goods; first protective tariff in US history

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30
Q

American manufacturing

A

states became more self-sufficient after the war since they couldn’t depend on trade with other nations

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31
Q

National Road

A

part of the American system; spanned from Maryland to Ohio & funded by the federal government

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32
Q

Henry Clay’s American System

A

programs enacted by James Madison to achieve American economic self-reliance; lobbied for by Henry Clay; protective tariffs, rechartering of National Bank

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33
Q

Era of Good Feelings

A

period after the demise of the Federalists in which the US had only one political party; ended with the election of John Quincy Adams in 1824

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34
Q

McCulloch v. Maryland

A

John Marshall rules that states cannot tax the National Bank; established precedence of national law over state law

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35
Q

Panic of 1819

A

financial scare caused by the National Bank tightening credit to prevent inflation; state banks closed and unemployment rose as land was foreclosed

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36
Q

John Quincy Adams

A

6th president of the US (son of John Adams); formerly Federalist; elected in 1824

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37
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A

policy of mutual noninterference between Europe and the Americas; ended colonization in the Western hemisphere and reserved the US right to control the hemisphere

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38
Q

Missouri Compromise

A

admitted Missouri as a slave state and carved out a portion of Massachusetts to form Maine, a free state, to keep the Union balanced; brokered by Henry Clay

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39
Q

Congressional caucuses

A

groups of US Congressmen that, in the past, were responsible for choosing their party’s nominees and electors

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40
Q

Demise of the caucus system

A

John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson challenged the Democratic Republican caucus’s nominee for president (William H. Crawford)

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41
Q

Corrupt bargain

A

Quincy Adams promised Clay position of Secretary of State if he swayed Congressional votes to his side; neither he nor Jackson received the majority of popular or electoral votes

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42
Q

States’ rights

A

favored by Democratic Republicans; thought that a central federal government was too powerful

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43
Q

Implied powers

A

political powers granted to the US government that aren’t explicitly stated in the Constitution

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44
Q

Democratic Party

A

coalition of state political organizations, newspaper publishers, and community leaders supporting Andrew Jackson after the election of 1824

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45
Q

Coffin Handbill

A

accused Jackson of murdering his enlisted men during the Indian Wars

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46
Q

Spoils system

A

trading jobs for political favors; Jackson replaced government officials with his political supporters after being elected

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47
Q

Jacksonian Democracy

A

replaced Jeffersonian Republicanism; extended voting rights to all white men

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48
Q

Universal white manhood suffrage

A

all white men could vote, even those who did not own property

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49
Q

Indian Removal Act

A

forced the resettlement of thousands of Native Americans; passed by Congress in 1830 under the Jackson administration (who sympathized with Western settlers)

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50
Q

Trail of Tears

A

the forced relocation of thousands of Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma after gold was discovered on their land; many died from sickness and starvation on the journey

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51
Q

Worcester v. Georgia

A

ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within Cherokee territory and they could not be removed; Jackson ignored the ruling and expelled them anyways

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52
Q

Nullification

A

individual states have the right to disobey federal laws if they find them to be unconstitutional; supported by Calhoun but opposed by Jackson

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53
Q

Tariff of Abominations

A

passed during the Adams administration but caused the nullification debate during Jackson’s presidency

54
Q

Tariff of 1832

A

meant to solve the Tariff of Abominations but failed to lower rates to an acceptable level

55
Q

Force Bill

A

Jackson’s reaction to South Carolina banning the collection of tariffs; authorized the president to use whatever forced deemed necessary to enforce federal tariffs

56
Q

Second Bank of the United States (BUS)

A

originally established by Alexander Hamilton, failed during the Jackson administration because he vetoed its rechartering

57
Q

Pet banks

A

state banks in which Jackson deposited federal funds while trying to fail the National Bank

58
Q

Nicholas Biddle

A

president of the National Bank; managed the crisis while Jackson was downsizing

59
Q

Specie Circular

A

required future purchases of government land to be made in specie (gold and silver); Jackson distrusted paper money and it soon lost its value

60
Q

Panic of 1837

A

caused by inflation due to Jackson’s insistence on “hard currency;” Whigs blamed Democrats

61
Q

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

A

a revolt led by enslaved preacher Nat Turner in which 55 whites were killed; led to the implementation of more slave codes

62
Q

Slave codes

A

prevented black people from congregating and learning how to read; response to Nat Turner’s Rebellion

63
Q

Whigs

A

loose coalition known for their opposition to one or more Democrat policies

64
Q

Government activism

A

Whigs favored government involvement in social issues; contrary to Democratic lassez-faire beliefs

65
Q

Martin Van Buren

A

8th president of the US (Jackson’s 2nd vice president); took over during the Panic of 1837 and was known as “Martin Van Ruin”

66
Q

William Henry Harrison

A

first Whig president (Tippecanoe) elected in 1841; died of pneumonia after one month in office; “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” campaign in 1840 emphasized his humble origins

67
Q

John Tyler

A

10th president of the US (Harrison’s vice president); disliked by the Whigs because he claimed to be one but went against their beliefs; “the president without a party’

68
Q

Market economy

A

people trade their labor/goods for cash, which they use to buy other people’s labor/goods

69
Q

Boom-and-bust cycles

A

alternating phases of economic growth and decline

70
Q

Cotton gin

A

invented by Eli Whitney; made seed removal from cotton plants easier; caused a drastic increase of slave labor in the South

71
Q

Interchangeable parts

A

invented by Eli Whitney; products are manufactured with the same parts; boosted mass production + manufacturing

72
Q

Machine-tool industry

A

produced specialized machines for growing industries like textiles and transportation

73
Q

Assembly line production

A

dividing the labor into a number of tasks and assigning each worker one task

74
Q

Power loom

A

automated the weaving process & sped up manufacturing; less dependent on individual labor

75
Q

Samuel Slater

A

“Father of the American Industrial Revolution;” designed the first American textile mills

76
Q

Lowell system

A

guaranteed factory workers housing, cash wages, and participation in social/cultural events organized by the mill

77
Q

Labor unions

A

organized to protect the rights of factory workers as working conditions worsened

78
Q

Clothing manufacturers

A

transformed textiles into finished products

79
Q

Retailers

A

sold clothing and other manufactured products in stores

80
Q

Brokers

A

acted as middlemen, buying and selling raw and finished products and trafficking them among manufacturers and retailers

81
Q

Commercial banks

A

lent money to everyone so the system kept running

82
Q

Transportation industry

A

grew out of necessity to ship manufactured goods

83
Q

Erie Canal

A

constructed in 1825; linked the Great Lakes region to New York and thus to European shipping routes

84
Q

Canal Era

A

other regions tried to replicate the success of the Erie Canal; none performed as well and most failed; ended by 1850

85
Q

Steamships

A

freight carriers powered by steam engines; traveled faster than normal ships but sometimes exploded

86
Q

Railroads

A

first built in the 1830s but slow to develop since different lines couldn’t be connected

87
Q

Gauge

A

the width of railroad track; different for many tracks

88
Q

Telegraph

A

primitive telephone system that allowed for long-distance communication

89
Q

Morse code

A

alphabet used in telegraphs; letters are represented by combinations of long and short signals

90
Q

Manifest Destiny

A

the American belief in a God-given right to the Western territories

91
Q

Texas

A

formerly part of Mexico; settlers allowed to move if they became Mexican citizens (few actually did)

92
Q

Alamo

A

Mexican troops led by Santa Anna reclaimed the Alamo Mission in San Antonio, killing most of the Texians and Tejanos inside

93
Q

Republic of Texas

A

briefly an independent country after split with Mexico

94
Q

Oregon Territory

A

attracted thousands of settlers during the early 1840s

95
Q

Gold rush

A

the discovery of gold in the California mountains in 1848 caused over 100,000 people to make their way to the state in just 2 years

96
Q

Sectional strife

A

regions fostered dislike for each other because of vast cultural, social, and economic differences

97
Q

North

A

industrialization; technological advances in communications, transportation, industry, and banking; legal slavery uncommon

98
Q

South

A

agrarian economy(cash crops); sought westward movement; hierarchical society; slavery-dependent

99
Q

West

A

commercial farming, fur-trapping, and real estate speculation; distrusted the North; egalitarian society; avoided the slavery issue

100
Q

Distribution of wealth

A

large disparity in the North and South; elite few control most of the personal wealth

101
Q

Middle class

A

tradesmen, brokers, and other professionals; beneath the elite; many rose from the working class

102
Q

Working class

A

worked in factories or as domestic servants; just above the poverty level

103
Q

Poverty

A

most often recent immigrants; numbers swelled in 1840s/50s with an influx of Irish & German immigrants

104
Q

Cult of Domesticity

A

the notion that men should work while women kept house and raised children

105
Q

Immigration waves

A

Irish went to northern cities and Germans went to the west; viewed with hostility by the working class for fear of having their jobs stolen

106
Q

Southern paternalism

A

belief that the slave system benefited all its participants, even slaves

107
Q

Yeomen

A

majority of landowners in the South, owned little to no slaves (5 on average); subsistence farmers

108
Q

Landless whites

A

“white trash” who either farmed as tenants or hired themselves out as manual laborers

109
Q

Free blacks

A

descendants of enslaved people freed by their masters or freed for having fought in the Revolutionary War

110
Q

Forty-Niners

A

prospectors in the California gold rush of 1849

111
Q

Squatters

A

settlers who ignored the requirement to buy land; moved onto unoccupied tracts and claimed them as their own

112
Q

Fur trading

A

common commercial enterprise on the western frontier; traders known as “over-mountain men” and were constantly one step ahead of farming families

113
Q

Second Great Awakening

A

period of religious revival among Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists; caused by fear of the new market economy

114
Q

Temperance societies

A

encouraged a complete abstinence from the consumption of alcohol and advocated for its prohibition

115
Q

Shakers

A

utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed in gender/racial equality and celibacy

116
Q

Compromise of 1850

A

series of measures proposed by Henry Clay; California admitted as a free state, Texas borders established, slave trade abolished in District of Columbia, Fugitive Slave Act enacted

117
Q

Hudson River School

A

first distinct school of American art; influenced by European romanticism

118
Q

Mormons (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)

A

founded by Joseph Smith in 1830; persecuted for controversial beliefs like polygamy and migrated to Utah to settle

119
Q

Seneca Falls Convention

A

women’s rights convention held in upstate New York in 1848; organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott; birth of the women’s rights movement

120
Q

National Woman Suffrage Association

A

founded by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton; wanted a constitutional amendment to secure votes for women

121
Q

Horace Mann

A

secretary on the Massachusetts Board of Education; pushed for public education reform

122
Q

American Colonization Society

A

established in 1816; an antislavery group that sought to repatriate enslaved people to Liberia

123
Q

Immediatists

A

wanted emancipation right away

124
Q

William Lloyd Garrison

A

white immediatist; published the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator in 1831

125
Q

Gag rule

A

suppressed discussion of the slavery issue and prevented Congress from passing any new legislation pertaining to slavery; made many Northerners abolitionists

126
Q

David Walker

A

free black abolitionist from Boston; his Appeal to the Colored People of the World called for black unity to end slavery

127
Q

Frederick Douglass

A

escaped slave who gained fame as a writer and advocate of freedom and equality; published The North Star in the 1840s

128
Q

Harriet Tubman

A

escaped slavery and returned south repeatedly to help more than 300 enslaved people escape via the underground railroad

129
Q

Underground railroad

A

a network of hiding places and “safe” trails utilized by enslaved people escaping from their masters

130
Q

Sojourner Truth

A

charismatic black speaker who campaigned for emancipation and women’s rights

AP US History (4 decks)

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