Unit 4/5 Test Flashcards
12th amendment
allowed electors to vote for a party ticket, meaning the runner-up in a presidential election was no longer appointed vice president
Jeffersonian Republicanism
nation governed by middle- and upper-class property owners; government is only as large as necessary
Midnight appointments
before Adams left office, he filled as many government positions with Federalists as he could; Jefferson refused to recognize these appointments
Marbury v. Madison
William Marbury sues James Madison for not certifying his appointment; Chief Justice John Marshall rules that Marbury has a right to his position but that the court cannot enforce this right; establishes judicial review
Judicial review
the right of the Supreme Court to review or challenge the constitutionality of executive, legislative, or administrative acts; established by John Marshall in 1803 through Marbury v. Madison
Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to purchase New Orleans for $2 million; France offered the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million in order to fund Napoleon’s army
Essex Junto
a group of New England Federalists who planned to secede from the United States after the Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clark Expedition
exploration of the trans-Mississippi West led by Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark; led to stronger US claims to the Oregon Territory and improved relations with Native Americans
Embargo Act of 1807
shut down America’s import/export business, severely damaging the US economy (especially in the New England states, which were reliant on foreign trade)
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
reopened trade with most nations except for Britain and France, the US’s two most significant trade partners
Macon’s Bill No. 2
reopened trade with France and England, promising that if one country renounced its interference with American trade then the other would be cut off
War Hawks
Democratic Republicans led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun who sought war with Britain
Hartford Convention
Federalists met in Connecticut to discuss major Constitutional changes/possible secession in response to the War of 1812; eventually caused the demise of the Federalists since they were seen as traitors
Henry Clay’s American System
work towards national growth that was lobbied for by Henry Clay; protective tariffs on imports, improvements to interstate roads, rechartering of the National Bank
Era of Good Feelings
a time of brief unification for the country after the demise of the Federalists; ended with the election of John Quincy Adams in 1824
McCulloch v. Maryland
John Marshall rules that states could not tax the national bank, establishing the precedence of federal law over state law
Panic of 1819
financial scare caused by the National Bank tightening credit to repay war debt; resulted in a sharp increase of bankruptcies, unemployment, and debt imprisonments
John Quincy Adams
6th president of the US; Secretary of State under James Madison; former Federalist
Monroe Doctrine
policy of mutual noninterference between Europe and the Americas; claimed America’s right to intervene anywhere in the Western hemisphere if it felt that its security was threatened
Missouri Compromise
admitted Missouri as a slave state and carved out a portion of Massachusetts to form Maine, a free state; drew a line along the 36th parallel and prevented slavery in those states above the line
Coffin Handbill
accused Andrew Jackson of murdering his men during the Indian wars
Spoils system
trading jobs for political favors (“to the victor go the spoils”); demonstrated by Jackson replacing many government officials with his political supporters after being elected
Jacksonian Democracy
political philosophy that restructured a number of federal institutions and extended voting rights to most white men over 21; replaced Jeffersonian Democracy
Indian Removal Act
forced resettlement of thousands of Native Americans; ordered by Jackson and passed by Congress in 1830
Trail of Tears
forced relocation of thousands of Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma lasting from 1835 to 1838; thousands died of sickness/starvation
Nullification
individual states have the right to disobey federal laws if they find them to be unconstitutional
Tariff of Abominations
protective tariff passed during the Adams administration that became a point of interest during the nullification debate
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
published anonymously by John C. Calhoun; argued that states who felt the 50% tariff was unfairly high could nullify the law
Tariff of 1832
meant to solve the Tariff of Abominations but failed to lower rates; both were later nullified and South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs
Force Bil
Jackson’s reaction to the South Carolina resolution; authorized the president to use whatever force he deemed necessary to enforce federal tariffs
Specie Circular
ended the government policy of selling land on credit; preferred “hard cash” (gold & silver) due to Jackson’s distrust of paper money
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
an uprising of slaves in Virginia led by enslaved preacher Nat Turner in which 50 whites were killed
Slave codes
restrictive laws preventing Black people from congregating and learning how to read; government response to Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Whigs
political party most notable for their opposition to one or more of the Democrat’s policies
Martin Van Buren
8th president of the US (Jackson’s 2nd vice president); took over during the panic of 1837
Panic of 1837
financial crisis that lasted until the mid 1840s; caused by Jackson’s Specie Circular and distrust of paper money
William Henry Harrison
first Whig president elected in 1841; “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Campaign; died of pneumonia 30 days in office
John Tyler
took over after Harrison’s death and was known as the “president without a party” because he vetoed numerous Whig bills despite being a Whig himself
Boom-and-bust cycles
alternating phases of economic growth and decline
Cotton gin
invented by Eli Whitney; sped up cotton processing by enabling quicker removal of seeds; led to a sharp increase in slavery dependency in the South
Interchangeable parts
invented by Eli Whitney; products are made with the same parts; boosted mass production + manufacturing by making construction/repairs easier
Machine-tool industry
produced specialized machines for growing industries like textiles and transportation