Unit 4- Urinary Flashcards
function of the urinary system
filters blood and excrete toxin metabolic waste
what do the kidneys do?
separate metabolic wastes from blood
what does the rest of urinary system do?
transport, store and eliminate urine
what does renal mean?
anything referring to the kidneys
what is metabolic waste?
waste substance produce by the body
what is nitrogenous waste?
toxic in excess, contains nitrogen
ex) urea, ammonia, etc
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
measurement of nitrogenous waste in blood, monitor kidney function
nephron
function unit of the kidney, where blood is filtered
*Depending where the fluid is, it has a different name
yup
what is glomerular filtrate
fluid in the capsular space, similar to blood plasma, except no protein
what does tubular fluid mean?
fluid from proximal convoluted tubule through distal CT
what is urine?
fluid within collecting duct and beyond
4 steps of urine formation
- glomerular filtration
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
- water conservation
explain what glomerular filtration is
water and solutes pass from blood within glomerulus into the capsular space of the nephron.
main things entering: water, electrolytes, nitrogen bases
reabsorption: blood cells, big proteins
Be able to trace the pathway of urinary system
What are the steps to the urinary system?
afferent & efferent arterioles-> glomerular capsule-> glomerulus-> proximal tubule-> nephron loop (Henle)-> distal tubule-> collecting duct
what is glomerular filtration rate? (GFR)
the amount of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys
too high: high urine output, high chance of dehydration
too low: wastes that should have been eliminated are reabsorbed
what is renal auto regulation?
the ability to adjust own blood flow
what is sympathetic control?
constrict afferent arterioles, lower GFR
what is renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism?
system of hormones that regular BP and GFR
angiotensin II functions
stimulare adrenal cortex
stimulate thirst
potent vasoconstrictor
what is angiotensin II?
Star of the show! smallest particle (of the three) increases BP, GFR, thirst, and vasoconstriction.
explain tubular reabsorption
2nd step of urinary system
removes useful stuff, puts back into blood.
Reabsorbed: sodium, glucose, ions (K, Ca), water
location: convoluted tubules
reabsorbed via channels and pumps
explain tubular secretion
3rd step of urinary system
remove additional waste from blood. maintain acid-base balance, clears drugs from blood.
Location: tubules
Filters: H+ ions, waste (urea), drugs
explain water conservation
4th/ last step of urinary system
removes water from filtrate, returns to blood. Water is turned back to the body, tubular fluid and urine go through.
Location: distal tubule, collecting duct
Hydration status: dehydration= more concentrated urine
3 hormones
what are the 3 hormones in water conservation?
anti-diuretic, aldosterone, parathyroid hormone
hemodialysis
procedure for artificially cleaning wastes from the blood
explain aldosterone
reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium. “Salt retains” hormone
Location: adrenal gland
Stimulus for release: fall in Na+ or K+ concentration, drop on BP
explain anti-diuretic hormone
increase water absorption from filtrate back into blood. Less water lost in urine
Location: pituitary gland
Stimulus for release dehydration, low blood vol, high osmolarity
explain the parathyroid hormone
decreases calcium in urine, keeping calcium levels in blood high.
Location: parathyroid
Stimulus for release: low blood calcium, high blood phosphate
what are ureters?
muscular tubes that extend from kidneys to the urinary bladder. carry urine from collecting ducts to bladder
urinary bladder
muscular sac on bottom of pelvic cavity that stores urine
urethra
carries urine out of body
what is micturition?
act of urinating
partially controlled nay the micturition reflex, 99% of time, we have voluntary control over urination
two sphincters involved with micturition
internal urethral (involuntary)
external urethral (voluntary)
Fluid balance %’s
what are the percentages of body weight is water at different ages?
baby: 75%
Adult: 50-60%
elderly: 45%
% of body weight that is water
fluid compartments
Areas that hold fluid, selectively, permeable membrane
Intracellular fluid
Fluid inside cells (cytoplasm)
Extracellular fluid
Fluid outside cells
25% tissue (interstitial)
8% plasma, lymph
2% transcellular
Fluid is continually exchanged between compartments!
! yes
What electrolytes help govern, water, distribution?
Na+, K+
Fluid balance
Daily water gains and losses are equal
Metabolic water
Formed by metabolism and dehydration synthesis
Preformed water
Ingested food and drink (coffee, juice, banana)
Urination is the only way to meaningfully control water loss**
Other ways: feces, expired breath, sweat
Fluid intake, governed by thirst (4 steps)
- Dehydration
- Osmoreceptors
- ADH
- Salivation
explain fluid intake: dehydration
Lowers blood volume and blood pressure, increases osmolarity
Explain fluid intake: osmoreceptors
Respond to angiotensin II
Explain fluid intake: ADH
Promote water, conservation, and prevent sense of thirst
Explain fluid intake: salivation
Inhibited, leading to dry mouth
digestive system
processes food, extracts nutrients and eliminates residue
5 steps of digestion
- ingestion
- digestion
- absorption
- compaction
- defecatation
what does ingestion mean
selective intake of food
what does digestion mean
breakdown of food
what does absorption mean
uptake of nutrients into body’s tissues
what does compaction mean
absorbing water and consolidating residue
what does defecation mean
elimination of feces
what is mechanical digestion?
physical breakdown of food
Ex) grinding of food
chemical digestion
reactions that break down macromolecules (fat, carbs, proteins)
Ex) saliva, enzymes
mastication
chewing, breaks food into smaller pieces to be swallowed, allows more surface area
*1st step in mechanical digestion
saliva
spit, dissolves molecules
*1st step of chemical digestion
deglutition
swallowing, involves 22+ muscles in mouth, pharynx and esophagus
oral swallowing
voluntary
tongue collects food to form bolus
pharyngeal swallowing
involuntary
pharynx
prevents food and drink from nasal cavity, breathing is suspended
esophageal swallowing
involuntary
esophagus
peristalsis contraction move food to stomach
esophagus
straight muscular tube connecting the mouth to stomach
- peristalsis
- sphincter separates stomach from esophagus
*keeps stomach acid down in stomach
stomach
muscular sac in upper left abdominal cavity that stores food and aids in digestion
chemical: proteins (NO CARBS) are digested, very acidic
mechanical: add acids and churns, cyme
gastric
stomach
how does the stomach protect itself? 3 ways
mucous coat
tight junctions
epithelial cell replacement
what is the mucous coat?
thick, highly alkaline musous resists action of acid
what are the tight junctions?
linkages between cells that prevent gastric juices from seeping out
epithelial cell replacement
cells are replaced every 3-6 days
what happens if these protection things aren’t working?
this can cause a peptic ulcer
liver
largest solid organ, removes toxins from the blood, maintain metabolism, aids digestion by producing bile
gallbladder
beneath the liver, stores and concentrates digestive fluid (bile)
bile
helps with fat digestion, breaks into smaller parts
pancreas
large gland with endocrine and exocrine functions. secretes pancreatic juices
pancreatic juices
aid digestion of proteins, carbs, and fat
protease: digest proteins
amylase: digest carbs
lipase: digest fats (lipids)
regulation of secretion
ACh- from vagus and enteric nerves
CCK- secretion of duodenum
Secretin- released from duodenum in response to acidic chyme arriving from stomach
small intestine
longest part of digestive tract, huge surface to increase nutrient absorption
contractions: segmentation and peristalsis
segmentation
ring-like segments which help break the chunks <><><>
peristalsis
move contents of small intestine toward colon
large intestine
last part of alimentary canal, main function is to absorb water + salts and eliminate feces.
consists of colon, rectum and anal canal strength signals of peristalsis (similar to urination)
what is metabolism?
chemical reactions that build things to store as energy or break things down for energy
gluco-
glucose
glyco-
glycogen- stored form of glucose
lipo-
lipids
genesis-
creating/ building
lysis-
breaking down
neo-
new
metabolic state: absorptive (fed)
about 4 hours after a meal, nutrients being absorbed
fuel stored/ being used
*genesis
metabolic state: postabsorptive (fasting)
in between meals
stomach and intestines are empty, stores fuel are broken down
*lysis
metabolic rate
amount of energy we use (kcal/day)
total metabolic rate (TMR)
what increases and decreses it?
how much energy is required to activities
↑ TMR: anxiety, pregnancy
↓ TMR: depression, starvation
reproduction system
allow for production of offspring
gonads
organs that produce sex cells (gametes)
Ex: ovaries, testes
male reproductive system
produce sperm, introduce sperm to female
female reproductive system
produce eggs, harbor fetus
male gamete
sperm
female gamete
eggs
**Will always have an X chromosome
zygote
sperm+ egg combined
sex is determined by sperm
sex and gender
sex: biological identification
gender: self identification
androgens
hormones that promote male puberty- testosterone
estrogen and progesterone
hormones that promote female puberty
puberty- male
period onset from 1st ejaculation
adolescence
from puberty to full height (tall) is reached
males- adolescence
- not born with sperm
- libido: sex drive
- growth of sex hormones
**LH stimulates testosterone
** FSH stimulates sperm production
spermatogenesis
sperm production process (3 steps)
what are the three steps of spermatogenesis?
- division of large cells into small sperm cells with flagella
- reduction of chromosome number by 1/2
- genes shuffle- new info and combos
meiosis
cell division that causes recombination, cells split so 1/2 genetics come from sperm and 1/2 come from egg
female reproductive system
produces eggs, provides space to harbor fetus
what starts female puberty?
adipose tissue. there needs to be enough body fat before menstruating
*gonadotropin rises and stimulates anterior pituitary which secretes FSH
stages of female puberty
- thelarche
- pubarche
- menarche
what is thelarche?
1st stage in female puberty, breast development
what is pubarche?
2nd stage of female puberty, pubic hair growth, increased libido
what is menarche?
3rd stage of female puberty, menstruation period
what is the sexual cycle?
events that recur every month with no pregnancy disorders, changes in ovaries and uterus
what is the ovarian cycle?
monthly events in ovaries
what is the menstrual cycle?
monthly parallel changes in uterus
what is a gamete
haploid cell, sex cell, sperm or egg
oogenesis
egg production
folluculogenesis
development of folic (what surrounds egg) that occurs as egg undergoes oogenesis
ovulation
release of the oocyte from the dominant follicle
hierarchy- female
hypothalamus– pituitary– ovaries– uterus
ovarian cycle
cyclical events in the ovaries regulated by hormones
1. follicular
2. ovulation
3. luteal
what is the follicular phase?
beginning of menstruation until ovulation, FSH is high (day 1-14)
ovulation phase
FH is high, only takes a few minutes
luteal phase
corpus luteum developed, MEGA hormones!, no pregnancy?– involution (shrinkage)
menstrual cycle steps
takes place in the uterus
- proliferative phase
- secretory phase
- premenstrual phase
- menstrual phase
what happens in the proliferative phase?
rebuild of functional l ayer of endometrium lost in last menstruation
estrogen raises (estradiol)
what happens in the secretory phase?
involves endometrium thickening as a result of secretion and fluid accumulation.
progesterone elevated
what happens in the premenstrual phase?
period of endometrial degeneration during the last 2 days of the cycle
what happens in the menstrual phase?
(menses) when menstrual fluid is discharged from the vagina
menopause
cessation of menstruation
hormone changes:
- hot flashes
- vaginal infections
- atrophy in vagina, breasts
