Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human Physiology > Unit 4- Urinary > Flashcards

Unit 4- Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

function of the urinary system

A

filters blood and excrete toxin metabolic waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do the kidneys do?

A

separate metabolic wastes from blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does the rest of urinary system do?

A

transport, store and eliminate urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does renal mean?

A

anything referring to the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is metabolic waste?

A

waste substance produce by the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is nitrogenous waste?

A

toxic in excess, contains nitrogen
ex) urea, ammonia, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

measurement of nitrogenous waste in blood, monitor kidney function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nephron

A

function unit of the kidney, where blood is filtered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

*Depending where the fluid is, it has a different name

A

yup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is glomerular filtrate

A

fluid in the capsular space, similar to blood plasma, except no protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does tubular fluid mean?

A

fluid from proximal convoluted tubule through distal CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is urine?

A

fluid within collecting duct and beyond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

4 steps of urine formation

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
  4. water conservation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

explain what glomerular filtration is

A

water and solutes pass from blood within glomerulus into the capsular space of the nephron.
main things entering: water, electrolytes, nitrogen bases
reabsorption: blood cells, big proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Be able to trace the pathway of urinary system

What are the steps to the urinary system?

A

afferent & efferent arterioles-> glomerular capsule-> glomerulus-> proximal tubule-> nephron loop (Henle)-> distal tubule-> collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is glomerular filtration rate? (GFR)

A

the amount of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys
too high: high urine output, high chance of dehydration
too low: wastes that should have been eliminated are reabsorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is renal auto regulation?

A

the ability to adjust own blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is sympathetic control?

A

constrict afferent arterioles, lower GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism?

A

system of hormones that regular BP and GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

angiotensin II functions

A

stimulare adrenal cortex
stimulate thirst
potent vasoconstrictor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is angiotensin II?

A

Star of the show! smallest particle (of the three) increases BP, GFR, thirst, and vasoconstriction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

explain tubular reabsorption

2nd step of urinary system

A

removes useful stuff, puts back into blood.
Reabsorbed: sodium, glucose, ions (K, Ca), water
location: convoluted tubules
reabsorbed via channels and pumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

explain tubular secretion

3rd step of urinary system

A

remove additional waste from blood. maintain acid-base balance, clears drugs from blood.
Location: tubules
Filters: H+ ions, waste (urea), drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

explain water conservation

4th/ last step of urinary system

A

removes water from filtrate, returns to blood. Water is turned back to the body, tubular fluid and urine go through.
Location: distal tubule, collecting duct
Hydration status: dehydration= more concentrated urine
3 hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are the 3 hormones in water conservation?
anti-diuretic, aldosterone, parathyroid hormone
26
hemodialysis
procedure for artificially cleaning wastes from the blood
27
explain aldosterone
reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium. "Salt retains" hormone **Location**: adrenal gland **Stimulus for release**: fall in Na+ or K+ concentration, drop on BP
28
explain anti-diuretic hormone
increase water absorption from filtrate back into blood. Less water lost in urine **Location**: pituitary gland **Stimulus for release** dehydration, low blood vol, high osmolarity
29
explain the parathyroid hormone
decreases calcium in urine, keeping calcium levels in blood high. **Location**: parathyroid **Stimulus for release**: low blood calcium, high blood phosphate
30
what are ureters?
muscular tubes that extend from kidneys to the urinary bladder. carry urine from collecting ducts to bladder
31
urinary bladder
muscular sac on bottom of pelvic cavity that stores urine
32
urethra
carries urine out of body
33
what is micturition?
act of urinating partially controlled nay the micturition reflex, 99% of time, we have voluntary control over urination
34
two sphincters involved with micturition
internal urethral (involuntary) external urethral (voluntary)
35
Fluid balance %'s | what are the percentages of body weight is water at different ages?
baby: 75% Adult: 50-60% elderly: 45% % of body weight that is water
36
fluid compartments
Areas that hold fluid, selectively, permeable membrane
37
Intracellular fluid
Fluid inside cells (cytoplasm)
38
Extracellular fluid
Fluid outside cells 25% tissue (interstitial) 8% plasma, lymph 2% transcellular
39
Fluid is continually exchanged between compartments!
! yes
40
What electrolytes help govern, water, distribution?
Na+, K+
41
Fluid balance
Daily water gains and losses are equal
42
Metabolic water
Formed by metabolism and dehydration synthesis
43
Preformed water
Ingested food and drink (coffee, juice, banana)
44
Urination is the only way to meaningfully control water loss****
Other ways: feces, expired breath, sweat
45
Fluid intake, governed by thirst (4 steps)
1. Dehydration 2. Osmoreceptors 3. ADH 4. Salivation
46
explain fluid intake: dehydration
Lowers blood volume and blood pressure, increases osmolarity
47
Explain fluid intake: osmoreceptors
Respond to angiotensin II
48
Explain fluid intake: ADH
Promote water, conservation, and prevent sense of thirst
49
Explain fluid intake: salivation
Inhibited, leading to dry mouth
50
digestive system
processes food, extracts nutrients and eliminates residue
51
5 steps of digestion
- ingestion - digestion - absorption - compaction - defecatation
52
what does ingestion mean
selective intake of food
53
what does digestion mean
breakdown of food
54
what does absorption mean
uptake of nutrients into body's tissues
55
what does compaction mean
absorbing water and consolidating residue
56
what does defecation mean
elimination of feces
57
what is mechanical digestion?
physical breakdown of food Ex) grinding of food
58
chemical digestion
reactions that break down macromolecules (fat, carbs, proteins) Ex) saliva, enzymes
59
mastication
chewing, breaks food into smaller pieces to be swallowed, allows more surface area *1st step in mechanical digestion
60
saliva
spit, dissolves molecules *1st step of chemical digestion
61
deglutition
swallowing, involves 22+ muscles in mouth, pharynx and esophagus
62
oral swallowing
voluntary tongue collects food to form bolus
63
pharyngeal swallowing
involuntary pharynx prevents food and drink from nasal cavity, breathing is suspended
64
esophageal swallowing
involuntary esophagus peristalsis contraction move food to stomach
65
esophagus
straight muscular tube connecting the mouth to stomach - peristalsis - sphincter separates stomach from esophagus *keeps stomach acid down in stomach
66
stomach
muscular sac in upper left abdominal cavity that stores food and aids in digestion chemical: proteins (NO CARBS) are digested, very acidic mechanical: add acids and churns, cyme
67
gastric
stomach
68
how does the stomach protect itself? 3 ways
mucous coat tight junctions epithelial cell replacement
69
what is the mucous coat?
thick, highly alkaline musous resists action of acid
70
what are the tight junctions?
linkages between cells that prevent gastric juices from seeping out
71
epithelial cell replacement
cells are replaced every 3-6 days
72
what happens if these protection things aren't working?
this can cause a peptic ulcer
73
liver
largest solid organ, removes toxins from the blood, maintain metabolism, **aids digestion by producing bile**
74
gallbladder
beneath the liver, stores and concentrates digestive fluid (bile)
75
bile
helps with fat digestion, breaks into smaller parts
76
pancreas
large gland with endocrine and exocrine functions. secretes pancreatic juices
77
pancreatic juices
aid digestion of proteins, carbs, and fat protease: digest proteins amylase: digest carbs lipase: digest fats (lipids)
78
regulation of secretion
ACh- from vagus and enteric nerves CCK- secretion of duodenum Secretin- released from duodenum in response to acidic chyme arriving from stomach
79
small intestine
longest part of digestive tract, huge surface to increase nutrient absorption contractions: segmentation and peristalsis
80
segmentation
ring-like segments which help break the chunks <><><>
81
peristalsis
move contents of small intestine toward colon
82
large intestine
last part of alimentary canal, main function is to absorb water + salts and eliminate feces. consists of colon, rectum and anal canal strength signals of peristalsis (similar to urination)
83
what is metabolism?
chemical reactions that build things to store as energy or break things down for energy
84
gluco-
glucose
85
glyco-
glycogen- stored form of glucose
86
lipo-
lipids
87
genesis-
creating/ building
88
lysis-
breaking down
89
neo-
new
90
metabolic state: absorptive (fed)
about 4 hours after a meal, nutrients being absorbed fuel stored/ being used *genesis
91
metabolic state: postabsorptive (fasting)
in between meals stomach and intestines are empty, stores fuel are broken down *lysis
92
metabolic rate
amount of energy we use (kcal/day)
93
total metabolic rate (TMR) | what increases and decreses it?
how much energy is required to activities ↑ TMR: anxiety, pregnancy ↓ TMR: depression, starvation
94
reproduction system
allow for production of offspring
95
gonads
organs that produce sex cells (gametes) Ex: ovaries, testes
96
male reproductive system
produce sperm, introduce sperm to female
97
female reproductive system
produce eggs, harbor fetus
98
male gamete
sperm
99
female gamete
eggs **Will always have an X chromosome
100
zygote
sperm+ egg combined sex is determined by sperm
101
sex and gender
sex: biological identification gender: self identification
102
androgens
hormones that promote male puberty- testosterone
103
estrogen and progesterone
hormones that promote female puberty
104
puberty- male
period onset from 1st ejaculation
105
adolescence
from puberty to full height (tall) is reached
106
males- adolescence
- not born with sperm - libido: sex drive - growth of sex hormones **LH stimulates testosterone ** FSH stimulates sperm production
107
spermatogenesis
sperm production process (3 steps)
108
what are the three steps of spermatogenesis?
1. division of large cells into small sperm cells with flagella 2. reduction of chromosome number by 1/2 3. genes shuffle- new info and combos
109
meiosis
cell division that causes recombination, cells split so 1/2 genetics come from sperm and 1/2 come from egg
110
female reproductive system
produces eggs, provides space to harbor fetus
111
what starts female puberty?
adipose tissue. there needs to be enough body fat before menstruating *gonadotropin rises and stimulates anterior pituitary which secretes FSH
112
stages of female puberty
- thelarche - pubarche - menarche
113
what is thelarche?
1st stage in female puberty, breast development
114
what is pubarche?
2nd stage of female puberty, pubic hair growth, increased libido
115
what is menarche?
3rd stage of female puberty, menstruation period
116
what is the sexual cycle?
events that recur every month with no pregnancy disorders, changes in ovaries and uterus
117
what is the ovarian cycle?
monthly events in ovaries
118
what is the menstrual cycle?
monthly parallel changes in uterus
119
what is a gamete
haploid cell, sex cell, sperm or egg
120
oogenesis
egg production
121
folluculogenesis
development of folic (what surrounds egg) that occurs as egg undergoes oogenesis
122
ovulation
release of the oocyte from the dominant follicle
123
hierarchy- female
hypothalamus-- pituitary-- ovaries-- uterus
124
ovarian cycle
cyclical events in the ovaries regulated by hormones 1. follicular 2. ovulation 3. luteal
125
what is the follicular phase?
beginning of menstruation until ovulation, FSH is high (day 1-14)
126
ovulation phase
FH is high, only takes a few minutes
127
luteal phase
corpus luteum developed, MEGA hormones!, no pregnancy?-- involution (shrinkage)
128
menstrual cycle steps | takes place in the uterus
1. proliferative phase 2. secretory phase 3. premenstrual phase 4. menstrual phase
129
what happens in the proliferative phase?
rebuild of functional l ayer of endometrium lost in last menstruation estrogen raises (estradiol)
130
what happens in the secretory phase?
involves endometrium thickening as a result of secretion and fluid accumulation. progesterone elevated
131
what happens in the premenstrual phase?
period of endometrial degeneration during the last 2 days of the cycle
132
what happens in the menstrual phase?
(menses) when menstrual fluid is discharged from the vagina
133
menopause
cessation of menstruation hormone changes: - hot flashes - vaginal infections - atrophy in vagina, breasts

Human Physiology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions