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Human Physiology > Unit 4- Urinary > Flashcards

Unit 4- Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

function of the urinary system

A

filters blood and excrete toxin metabolic waste

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2
Q

what do the kidneys do?

A

separate metabolic wastes from blood

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3
Q

what does the rest of urinary system do?

A

transport, store and eliminate urine

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4
Q

what does renal mean?

A

anything referring to the kidneys

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5
Q

what is metabolic waste?

A

waste substance produce by the body

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6
Q

what is nitrogenous waste?

A

toxic in excess, contains nitrogen
ex) urea, ammonia, etc

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7
Q

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

measurement of nitrogenous waste in blood, monitor kidney function

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8
Q

nephron

A

function unit of the kidney, where blood is filtered

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9
Q

*Depending where the fluid is, it has a different name

A

yup

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10
Q

what is glomerular filtrate

A

fluid in the capsular space, similar to blood plasma, except no protein

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11
Q

what does tubular fluid mean?

A

fluid from proximal convoluted tubule through distal CT

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12
Q

what is urine?

A

fluid within collecting duct and beyond

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13
Q

4 steps of urine formation

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
  4. water conservation
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14
Q

explain what glomerular filtration is

A

water and solutes pass from blood within glomerulus into the capsular space of the nephron.
main things entering: water, electrolytes, nitrogen bases
reabsorption: blood cells, big proteins

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15
Q

Be able to trace the pathway of urinary system

What are the steps to the urinary system?

A

afferent & efferent arterioles-> glomerular capsule-> glomerulus-> proximal tubule-> nephron loop (Henle)-> distal tubule-> collecting duct

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16
Q

what is glomerular filtration rate? (GFR)

A

the amount of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys
too high: high urine output, high chance of dehydration
too low: wastes that should have been eliminated are reabsorbed

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17
Q

what is renal auto regulation?

A

the ability to adjust own blood flow

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18
Q

what is sympathetic control?

A

constrict afferent arterioles, lower GFR

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19
Q

what is renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism?

A

system of hormones that regular BP and GFR

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20
Q

angiotensin II functions

A

stimulare adrenal cortex
stimulate thirst
potent vasoconstrictor

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21
Q

what is angiotensin II?

A

Star of the show! smallest particle (of the three) increases BP, GFR, thirst, and vasoconstriction.

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22
Q

explain tubular reabsorption

2nd step of urinary system

A

removes useful stuff, puts back into blood.
Reabsorbed: sodium, glucose, ions (K, Ca), water
location: convoluted tubules
reabsorbed via channels and pumps

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23
Q

explain tubular secretion

3rd step of urinary system

A

remove additional waste from blood. maintain acid-base balance, clears drugs from blood.
Location: tubules
Filters: H+ ions, waste (urea), drugs

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24
Q

explain water conservation

4th/ last step of urinary system

A

removes water from filtrate, returns to blood. Water is turned back to the body, tubular fluid and urine go through.
Location: distal tubule, collecting duct
Hydration status: dehydration= more concentrated urine
3 hormones

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25
Q

what are the 3 hormones in water conservation?

A

anti-diuretic, aldosterone, parathyroid hormone

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26
Q

hemodialysis

A

procedure for artificially cleaning wastes from the blood

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27
Q

explain aldosterone

A

reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium. “Salt retains” hormone
Location: adrenal gland
Stimulus for release: fall in Na+ or K+ concentration, drop on BP

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28
Q

explain anti-diuretic hormone

A

increase water absorption from filtrate back into blood. Less water lost in urine
Location: pituitary gland
Stimulus for release dehydration, low blood vol, high osmolarity

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29
Q

explain the parathyroid hormone

A

decreases calcium in urine, keeping calcium levels in blood high.
Location: parathyroid
Stimulus for release: low blood calcium, high blood phosphate

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30
Q

what are ureters?

A

muscular tubes that extend from kidneys to the urinary bladder. carry urine from collecting ducts to bladder

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31
Q

urinary bladder

A

muscular sac on bottom of pelvic cavity that stores urine

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32
Q

urethra

A

carries urine out of body

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33
Q

what is micturition?

A

act of urinating
partially controlled nay the micturition reflex, 99% of time, we have voluntary control over urination

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34
Q

two sphincters involved with micturition

A

internal urethral (involuntary)
external urethral (voluntary)

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35
Q

Fluid balance %’s

what are the percentages of body weight is water at different ages?

A

baby: 75%
Adult: 50-60%
elderly: 45%
% of body weight that is water

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36
Q

fluid compartments

A

Areas that hold fluid, selectively, permeable membrane

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37
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

Fluid inside cells (cytoplasm)

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38
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Fluid outside cells
25% tissue (interstitial)
8% plasma, lymph
2% transcellular

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39
Q

Fluid is continually exchanged between compartments!

A

! yes

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40
Q

What electrolytes help govern, water, distribution?

A

Na+, K+

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41
Q

Fluid balance

A

Daily water gains and losses are equal

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42
Q

Metabolic water

A

Formed by metabolism and dehydration synthesis

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43
Q

Preformed water

A

Ingested food and drink (coffee, juice, banana)

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44
Q

Urination is the only way to meaningfully control water loss**

A

Other ways: feces, expired breath, sweat

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45
Q

Fluid intake, governed by thirst (4 steps)

A
  1. Dehydration
  2. Osmoreceptors
  3. ADH
  4. Salivation
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46
Q

explain fluid intake: dehydration

A

Lowers blood volume and blood pressure, increases osmolarity

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47
Q

Explain fluid intake: osmoreceptors

A

Respond to angiotensin II

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48
Q

Explain fluid intake: ADH

A

Promote water, conservation, and prevent sense of thirst

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49
Q

Explain fluid intake: salivation

A

Inhibited, leading to dry mouth

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50
Q

digestive system

A

processes food, extracts nutrients and eliminates residue

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51
Q

5 steps of digestion

A
  • ingestion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • compaction
  • defecatation
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52
Q

what does ingestion mean

A

selective intake of food

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53
Q

what does digestion mean

A

breakdown of food

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54
Q

what does absorption mean

A

uptake of nutrients into body’s tissues

55
Q

what does compaction mean

A

absorbing water and consolidating residue

56
Q

what does defecation mean

A

elimination of feces

57
Q

what is mechanical digestion?

A

physical breakdown of food
Ex) grinding of food

58
Q

chemical digestion

A

reactions that break down macromolecules (fat, carbs, proteins)
Ex) saliva, enzymes

59
Q

mastication

A

chewing, breaks food into smaller pieces to be swallowed, allows more surface area
*1st step in mechanical digestion

60
Q

saliva

A

spit, dissolves molecules
*1st step of chemical digestion

61
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing, involves 22+ muscles in mouth, pharynx and esophagus

62
Q

oral swallowing

A

voluntary
tongue collects food to form bolus

63
Q

pharyngeal swallowing

A

involuntary
pharynx
prevents food and drink from nasal cavity, breathing is suspended

64
Q

esophageal swallowing

A

involuntary
esophagus
peristalsis contraction move food to stomach

65
Q

esophagus

A

straight muscular tube connecting the mouth to stomach
- peristalsis
- sphincter separates stomach from esophagus
*keeps stomach acid down in stomach

66
Q

stomach

A

muscular sac in upper left abdominal cavity that stores food and aids in digestion
chemical: proteins (NO CARBS) are digested, very acidic
mechanical: add acids and churns, cyme

67
Q

gastric

A

stomach

68
Q

how does the stomach protect itself? 3 ways

A

mucous coat
tight junctions
epithelial cell replacement

69
Q

what is the mucous coat?

A

thick, highly alkaline musous resists action of acid

70
Q

what are the tight junctions?

A

linkages between cells that prevent gastric juices from seeping out

71
Q

epithelial cell replacement

A

cells are replaced every 3-6 days

72
Q

what happens if these protection things aren’t working?

A

this can cause a peptic ulcer

73
Q

liver

A

largest solid organ, removes toxins from the blood, maintain metabolism, aids digestion by producing bile

74
Q

gallbladder

A

beneath the liver, stores and concentrates digestive fluid (bile)

75
Q

bile

A

helps with fat digestion, breaks into smaller parts

76
Q

pancreas

A

large gland with endocrine and exocrine functions. secretes pancreatic juices

77
Q

pancreatic juices

A

aid digestion of proteins, carbs, and fat
protease: digest proteins
amylase: digest carbs
lipase: digest fats (lipids)

78
Q

regulation of secretion

A

ACh- from vagus and enteric nerves
CCK- secretion of duodenum
Secretin- released from duodenum in response to acidic chyme arriving from stomach

79
Q

small intestine

A

longest part of digestive tract, huge surface to increase nutrient absorption
contractions: segmentation and peristalsis

80
Q

segmentation

A

ring-like segments which help break the chunks <><><>

81
Q

peristalsis

A

move contents of small intestine toward colon

82
Q

large intestine

A

last part of alimentary canal, main function is to absorb water + salts and eliminate feces.
consists of colon, rectum and anal canal strength signals of peristalsis (similar to urination)

83
Q

what is metabolism?

A

chemical reactions that build things to store as energy or break things down for energy

84
Q

gluco-

A

glucose

85
Q

glyco-

A

glycogen- stored form of glucose

86
Q

lipo-

A

lipids

87
Q

genesis-

A

creating/ building

88
Q

lysis-

A

breaking down

89
Q

neo-

A

new

90
Q

metabolic state: absorptive (fed)

A

about 4 hours after a meal, nutrients being absorbed
fuel stored/ being used
*genesis

91
Q

metabolic state: postabsorptive (fasting)

A

in between meals
stomach and intestines are empty, stores fuel are broken down
*lysis

92
Q

metabolic rate

A

amount of energy we use (kcal/day)

93
Q

total metabolic rate (TMR)

what increases and decreses it?

A

how much energy is required to activities
↑ TMR: anxiety, pregnancy
↓ TMR: depression, starvation

94
Q

reproduction system

A

allow for production of offspring

95
Q

gonads

A

organs that produce sex cells (gametes)
Ex: ovaries, testes

96
Q

male reproductive system

A

produce sperm, introduce sperm to female

97
Q

female reproductive system

A

produce eggs, harbor fetus

98
Q

male gamete

A

sperm

99
Q

female gamete

A

eggs
**Will always have an X chromosome

100
Q

zygote

A

sperm+ egg combined
sex is determined by sperm

101
Q

sex and gender

A

sex: biological identification
gender: self identification

102
Q

androgens

A

hormones that promote male puberty- testosterone

103
Q

estrogen and progesterone

A

hormones that promote female puberty

104
Q

puberty- male

A

period onset from 1st ejaculation

105
Q

adolescence

A

from puberty to full height (tall) is reached

106
Q

males- adolescence

A
  • not born with sperm
  • libido: sex drive
  • growth of sex hormones
    **LH stimulates testosterone
    ** FSH stimulates sperm production
107
Q

spermatogenesis

A

sperm production process (3 steps)

108
Q

what are the three steps of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. division of large cells into small sperm cells with flagella
  2. reduction of chromosome number by 1/2
  3. genes shuffle- new info and combos
109
Q

meiosis

A

cell division that causes recombination, cells split so 1/2 genetics come from sperm and 1/2 come from egg

110
Q

female reproductive system

A

produces eggs, provides space to harbor fetus

111
Q

what starts female puberty?

A

adipose tissue. there needs to be enough body fat before menstruating
*gonadotropin rises and stimulates anterior pituitary which secretes FSH

112
Q

stages of female puberty

A
  • thelarche
  • pubarche
  • menarche
113
Q

what is thelarche?

A

1st stage in female puberty, breast development

114
Q

what is pubarche?

A

2nd stage of female puberty, pubic hair growth, increased libido

115
Q

what is menarche?

A

3rd stage of female puberty, menstruation period

116
Q

what is the sexual cycle?

A

events that recur every month with no pregnancy disorders, changes in ovaries and uterus

117
Q

what is the ovarian cycle?

A

monthly events in ovaries

118
Q

what is the menstrual cycle?

A

monthly parallel changes in uterus

119
Q

what is a gamete

A

haploid cell, sex cell, sperm or egg

120
Q

oogenesis

A

egg production

121
Q

folluculogenesis

A

development of folic (what surrounds egg) that occurs as egg undergoes oogenesis

122
Q

ovulation

A

release of the oocyte from the dominant follicle

123
Q

hierarchy- female

A

hypothalamus– pituitary– ovaries– uterus

124
Q

ovarian cycle

A

cyclical events in the ovaries regulated by hormones
1. follicular
2. ovulation
3. luteal

125
Q

what is the follicular phase?

A

beginning of menstruation until ovulation, FSH is high (day 1-14)

126
Q

ovulation phase

A

FH is high, only takes a few minutes

127
Q

luteal phase

A

corpus luteum developed, MEGA hormones!, no pregnancy?– involution (shrinkage)

128
Q

menstrual cycle steps

takes place in the uterus

A
  1. proliferative phase
  2. secretory phase
  3. premenstrual phase
  4. menstrual phase
129
Q

what happens in the proliferative phase?

A

rebuild of functional l ayer of endometrium lost in last menstruation
estrogen raises (estradiol)

130
Q

what happens in the secretory phase?

A

involves endometrium thickening as a result of secretion and fluid accumulation.
progesterone elevated

131
Q

what happens in the premenstrual phase?

A

period of endometrial degeneration during the last 2 days of the cycle

132
Q

what happens in the menstrual phase?

A

(menses) when menstrual fluid is discharged from the vagina

133
Q

menopause

A

cessation of menstruation
hormone changes:
- hot flashes
- vaginal infections
- atrophy in vagina, breasts

Human Physiology (4 decks)

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