Physiology Unit 1 Flashcards
What is anatomy?
the study of the structure of the body
What is physiology?
the study of the function of the body
What is an example of an average person?
a healthy, physically healthy 22-year old male, (eats 2,800 cal/day)
Positive feedback
cycle in which a physiological change leads to greater change in the same direction. A ‘normal’ way of producing rapid change. (Higher in the same direction)
Example: contractions during birth
Negative feedback
process in which the body senses a change and can reverse it
Ex: blood pressure, home heating system, always goes back to a set point
Homeostasis
regulation of human body, ability to detect change and maintain stable internal conditions
What is anatomy?
study of the human body structure
What is physiology?
study of the human body functions
What is the textbook example of an average person?
a healthy, physically active 22-year old male, eats 2,800 cal/day
positive feedback
provide definition and an example
cycle in which a physiological change leads to greater change in the same direction. A ‘normal’ way of producing fast change.
Ex: contractions during birth
negative feedback
provide definition and an example
process in which the body senses a change and reverses it. Always going back to a set point.
Ex: blood pressure, home heating system (only runs when it needs to)
homeostasis
regulation of human body living conditions, maintain stable internal conditions.
organism
single complete individual
organ system
group of organs with unique functions working together
Ex: respiratory, digestive
organ
composed of 2 or more types of tissue
Ex: skin, hair, pancreas
tissue
mass of similar cells
(4 types of tissues)
What are the 4 types of tissues?
epithelial, connective, nervous and muscular.
cell
smallest unit of an organism (nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive)
organelle
microscopic structures, composed of molecules
Ex: mitochondria, lysosomes
molecule
composed of at least 2 atoms
atoms
smallest particle
receptor
structure that detects a change or stimuli (usually called ____receptors)
Ex: chemoreceptors
effector
structure that carries out a response to a stimulus to restore homeostasis (cell or organ)
baroreceptors
detects change in pressure- receptors in the heart that trigger autonomic reflexes to fluctuate in blood pressure
integrating center
process info and relates it to other available info, makes an appropriate response
*Commonly the brain
gradient
difference in chemical concentration between 2 points
Ex: blood flows down hill/ gradient
*metabolic energy in our body is ATP
filtration
physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane
Ex) coffee filter, blood capillaries
hydrophilic
loves water
hydrophobic
hates, repels water
Membranes:
Cholesterol=%
Glycolipids=%
Phospholipids=%
cholesterol=20%
glycolipids=5%
phospholipids=75%
channel proteins
allow hydrophilic solutes to pass through
ligand-gated
respond to chemicals
voltage-gated
respond to charged changes (membrane potential)
98% of molecules in the plasma membrane are ____?
lipids
Various movements of the ____ keep membrane fluid
Proteins
The membrane is stiffened in some sports, decreasing its fluidity, by ____ molecules.
Cholesterol
Osmosis is best defined as the movement of ____
water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration
What moves large particles and fluid droplets across the cell membrane?
Vesicular transport
Exocytosis
release substances from the cell via vesicles
Cytoplasm
has organelles in the jello
Cytosol
just the jello, no extra stuff
glycocalyx
fuzzy outer layer of membrane, unique for everyone, gives protection, and immunity to infection
(like a fingerprint for a person, but for the cell)
intracellular fluid
fluid contained inside a cell
selectively permeable
allows some things to pass through membrane and some not to
passive mechanism
no ATP, random molecular motion
Ex: ball rolling down hill naturally
simple diffusion
high to low concentration, does not require a membrane
Factors that impact speed of diffusion: size, temp, weight
carriers exhibit specificity
What does this mean for molecules and channels?
only sodium can go through sodium carriers
carriers exhibit saturation
What does this mean for molecules surface area?
physical limit you can reach
Ex: waiting in line for a bus, the bus can only hold so many people, some must wait for another bus to come to get where they need to go
uniport
only carries 1 type of solute
symport
carries 2 types of solutes in the same direction
antiport
carries 2 types of solutes in opposite directions
facilitated diffusion
high to low diffusion, requires transport proteins, no ATP
primary active transport
low to high , uses ATP to pump against gradient
Ex: sodium potassium pump, 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
vesicle transport
moves large particles, uses ATP
(2 types: endocytosis, exocytosis)
endocytosis
bring into the cell
phagocytosis
cell eating
pinocytosis
cell drinking
receptor-mediated
particles bind and form around, forms a circle and ‘eats’ it
exocytosis
bring out of cell
Ex: mammary gland cells release milk sugar
osmotic pressure
pressure required to stop osmosis
reverse osmosis
applying pressure to override osmotic pressure
Ex: purification of water
osmolarity
osmotic concentration, quantity of non permeating solutes per liter of solution
tonicity
ability of a surrounding solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell
what is acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter released at a neuromuscular junction
What are factors that impact rate of simple diffusion?
temperature (higher temp= higher motion), size, (bigger size= slower speed), surface area (bigger area= higher diffusion rate)
types of endocytosis
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated
osmosis
net flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane (passive=high to low) but moves to higher solutes– the water wants to ‘dilute’ the solute
Osmotic imbalances underlie: diarrhea, constipation
how can cells speed up osmosis?
by installing more aquaporins
what does hypertonic mean?
causes cell to lose water and shrivel (lysed)
what does isotonic mean?
no change in cell volume
Ex: saline solution
what does hypotonic mean?
causes cell to absorb water, swell and possibly burst
Ex: distilled water
what is skeletal muscle?
voluntary(moves when we tell it to move), striated muscle attached to bones
long as 30 cm
What is the epimysium?
outer-most layer of muscle
What is the perimysium?
middle layer of muscle, around fascicles
what is the endomysium?
inside most layer of each muscle fiber
sarcolemma
plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril
(looks like a net around cell)
myofilaments
composed of myofibrils
do the work of muscle contraction
tropomyosin
blocks active sites, regulate contractions
(regulatory= switch that determines if a muscle can contract)
troponin
regulates tropomyosin, calcium bings and activates
(regulatory= switch that determines if a muscle can contract)
elastic filament
titin protein, looks like spring/ corkscrew
helps stabilize filament
A band
dark band where think and thin filaments overlap
IAHM
H band
surrounds myosin only
IAHM
M line
anchors myosin, stabilizing though all sarcomeres
(middle line)
IAHM
I band
surrounds actin only
outer-most layer
IAHM
nerve-muscle relationship
must be stimulated by a nerve in order to contract
Ex: paralyzed comes from the nerves not being able to send message to muscle
somatic motor neurons
each muscle fiber is supplied by only one motor neuron
small motor units
fine, controlled movements
Ex: eye movement, drawing
large motor units
provide more strength than control
Ex: spine, quads- running
T-tubules
underground subway of muscle
length tension relationship
Goldilocks principle: partially stretched
maintains muscle gone to ensure that resting muscles are near this length
muscle twitch
quick cycle of contractions and relaxation
latent period
delay after zapping/stimulating the muscle
contraction phase
tension starts being generated
relaxation phase
tension decreases
threshold
minimum voltage that causes muscle to contract
twitches can vary in strength due to: muscle fatigue, hydration levels, temp of muscle (warmer muscle could have a bigger twitch)
muscles contract differently with different strengths
Provide and example
holding a flower vs. crushing a can
recruitment or multiple muscle summation
bringing more motor units into play.
must do small one first then can do bigger ones
If you need more strength, your body recruits more motor units
higher frequency stimuli produce temporal (wave) summation, twitches piggyback off others
buzzzz buzzbuzzbuzbuzbzbuzbuzbuz
low frequency zaps and allows muscle to relax before next zap
buzz. buzz. buzz. buzz.
muscle contraction does not always = what?
muscle shortening
isometric
what does isometric mean?
contraction without a change in length
use these all the time
Ex: back-posture
isotonic
what does isotonic mean?
contraction with a change in length in tension
2 types of isotonic contractions
concentric & eccentric
concentric contraction
muscle shortens
Ex: lift weight
eccentric contraction
muscle lengthens
Ex: lower weight
most injuries are eccentric– bc more force is coming down on sarcomeres and weight is on opposite ends (which causes injury)
slow twitch
Also called slow oxidative, SO, red fibers, type 1
fatigue resistant, good at endurance exercises, good at aerobic exercise
What is a fast twitch?
fast twitch
Also called FG, white fibers, type 2
produce strength quickly but also fatigue quickly, good at anerobic respiration
What type of twitch is chicken?
slow twitch, they are land animals and do not fly so their meat is white
What type of twitch is duck?
Fast twitch, they fly and use their wings, red meat
peristalsis
allows things to be moved thru the digestive system
stress-relaxation
respond to tension but does not contract
Ex: bladder
plasticity
ability to adjust after stretch
bladder doesn’t stay flabby
plank
what type of contraction eccentric, concentric or iostonic
isometric (abs) contractions hold
going down push up
what type of contraction eccentric, concentric or iostonic
concentric- bicep
going up push up
what type of contraction eccentric, concentric or iostonic
eccentric- pecs, triceps
