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Physiology Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

the study of the structure of the body

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

the study of the function of the body

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3
Q

What is an example of an average person?

A

a healthy, physically healthy 22-year old male, (eats 2,800 cal/day)

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4
Q

Positive feedback

A

cycle in which a physiological change leads to greater change in the same direction. A ‘normal’ way of producing rapid change. (Higher in the same direction)
Example: contractions during birth

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5
Q

Negative feedback

A

process in which the body senses a change and can reverse it
Ex: blood pressure, home heating system, always goes back to a set point

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6
Q

Homeostasis

A

regulation of human body, ability to detect change and maintain stable internal conditions

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7
Q

What is anatomy?

A

study of the human body structure

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8
Q

What is physiology?

A

study of the human body functions

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9
Q

What is the textbook example of an average person?

A

a healthy, physically active 22-year old male, eats 2,800 cal/day

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10
Q

positive feedback

provide definition and an example

A

cycle in which a physiological change leads to greater change in the same direction. A ‘normal’ way of producing fast change.
Ex: contractions during birth

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11
Q

negative feedback

provide definition and an example

A

process in which the body senses a change and reverses it. Always going back to a set point.
Ex: blood pressure, home heating system (only runs when it needs to)

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12
Q

homeostasis

A

regulation of human body living conditions, maintain stable internal conditions.

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13
Q

organism

A

single complete individual

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14
Q

organ system

A

group of organs with unique functions working together
Ex: respiratory, digestive

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15
Q

organ

A

composed of 2 or more types of tissue
Ex: skin, hair, pancreas

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16
Q

tissue

A

mass of similar cells
(4 types of tissues)

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17
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

epithelial, connective, nervous and muscular.

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18
Q

cell

A

smallest unit of an organism (nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive)

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19
Q

organelle

A

microscopic structures, composed of molecules
Ex: mitochondria, lysosomes

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20
Q

molecule

A

composed of at least 2 atoms

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21
Q

atoms

A

smallest particle

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22
Q

receptor

A

structure that detects a change or stimuli (usually called ____receptors)
Ex: chemoreceptors

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23
Q

effector

A

structure that carries out a response to a stimulus to restore homeostasis (cell or organ)

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24
Q

baroreceptors

A

detects change in pressure- receptors in the heart that trigger autonomic reflexes to fluctuate in blood pressure

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25
integrating center
process info and relates it to other available info, makes an appropriate response *Commonly the brain
26
gradient
difference in chemical concentration between 2 points Ex: blood flows down hill/ gradient *metabolic energy in our body is ATP
27
filtration
physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane Ex) coffee filter, blood capillaries
28
hydrophilic
loves water
29
hydrophobic
hates, repels water
30
Membranes: Cholesterol=% Glycolipids=% Phospholipids=%
cholesterol=20% glycolipids=5% phospholipids=75%
31
channel proteins
allow hydrophilic solutes to pass through
32
ligand-gated
respond to chemicals
33
voltage-gated
respond to charged changes (membrane potential)
34
98% of molecules in the plasma membrane are ____?
lipids
35
Various movements of the ____ keep membrane fluid
Proteins
36
The membrane is stiffened in some sports, decreasing its fluidity, by ____ molecules.
Cholesterol
37
Osmosis is best defined as the movement of ____
water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration
38
What moves large particles and fluid droplets across the cell membrane?
Vesicular transport
39
Exocytosis
release substances from the cell via vesicles
40
Cytoplasm
has organelles in the jello
41
Cytosol
just the jello, no extra stuff
42
glycocalyx
fuzzy outer layer of membrane, unique for everyone, gives protection, and immunity to infection (like a fingerprint for a person, but for the cell)
43
intracellular fluid
fluid contained inside a cell
44
selectively permeable
allows some things to pass through membrane and some not to
45
passive mechanism
no ATP, random molecular motion Ex: ball rolling down hill naturally
46
simple diffusion
high to low concentration, does not require a membrane Factors that impact speed of diffusion: size, temp, weight
47
carriers exhibit specificity | What does this mean for molecules and channels?
only sodium can go through sodium carriers
48
carriers exhibit saturation | What does this mean for molecules surface area?
physical limit you can reach Ex: waiting in line for a bus, the bus can only hold so many people, some must wait for another bus to come to get where they need to go
49
uniport
only carries 1 type of solute
50
symport
carries 2 types of solutes in the same direction
51
antiport
carries 2 types of solutes in opposite directions
52
facilitated diffusion
high to low diffusion, requires transport proteins, no ATP
53
primary active transport
low to high , uses ATP to pump against gradient Ex: sodium potassium pump, 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
54
vesicle transport
moves large particles, uses ATP (2 types: endocytosis, exocytosis)
55
endocytosis
bring into the cell
56
phagocytosis
cell eating
57
pinocytosis
cell drinking
58
receptor-mediated
particles bind and form around, forms a circle and 'eats' it
59
exocytosis
bring out of cell Ex: mammary gland cells release milk sugar
60
osmotic pressure
pressure required to stop osmosis
61
reverse osmosis
applying pressure to override osmotic pressure Ex: purification of water
62
osmolarity
osmotic concentration, quantity of non permeating solutes per liter of solution
63
tonicity
ability of a surrounding solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell
64
what is acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter released at a neuromuscular junction
65
What are factors that impact rate of simple diffusion?
temperature (higher temp= higher motion), size, (bigger size= slower speed), surface area (bigger area= higher diffusion rate)
66
types of endocytosis
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated
67
osmosis
net flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane (passive=high to low) but moves to higher solutes-- the water wants to 'dilute' the solute Osmotic imbalances underlie: diarrhea, constipation
68
how can cells speed up osmosis?
by installing more aquaporins
69
what does hypertonic mean?
causes cell to lose water and shrivel (lysed)
70
what does isotonic mean?
no change in cell volume Ex: saline solution
71
what does hypotonic mean?
causes cell to absorb water, swell and possibly burst Ex: distilled water
72
what is skeletal muscle?
voluntary(moves when we tell it to move), striated muscle attached to bones long as 30 cm
73
What is the epimysium?
outer-most layer of muscle
74
What is the perimysium?
middle layer of muscle, around fascicles
75
what is the endomysium?
inside most layer of each muscle fiber
76
sarcolemma
plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
77
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril (looks like a net around cell)
78
myofilaments
composed of myofibrils do the work of muscle contraction
79
tropomyosin
blocks active sites, regulate contractions (regulatory= switch that determines if a muscle can contract)
80
troponin
regulates tropomyosin, calcium bings and activates (regulatory= switch that determines if a muscle can contract)
81
elastic filament
titin protein, looks like spring/ corkscrew helps stabilize filament
82
A band
dark band where think and thin filaments overlap IAHM
83
H band
surrounds myosin only IAHM
84
M line
anchors myosin, stabilizing though all sarcomeres (middle line) IAHM
85
I band
surrounds actin only outer-most layer IAHM
86
nerve-muscle relationship
must be stimulated by a nerve in order to contract Ex: paralyzed comes from the nerves not being able to send message to muscle
87
somatic motor neurons
each muscle fiber is supplied by only one motor neuron
88
small motor units
fine, controlled movements Ex: eye movement, drawing
89
large motor units
provide more strength than control Ex: spine, quads- running
90
T-tubules
underground subway of muscle
91
length tension relationship
Goldilocks principle: partially stretched maintains muscle gone to ensure that resting muscles are near this length
92
muscle twitch
quick cycle of contractions and relaxation
93
latent period
delay after zapping/stimulating the muscle
94
contraction phase
tension starts being generated
95
relaxation phase
tension decreases
96
threshold
minimum voltage that causes muscle to contract twitches can vary in strength due to: muscle fatigue, hydration levels, temp of muscle (warmer muscle could have a bigger twitch)
97
muscles contract differently with different strengths | Provide and example
holding a flower vs. crushing a can
98
recruitment or multiple muscle summation
bringing more motor units into play. must do small one first then can do bigger ones If you need more strength, your body recruits more motor units
99
higher frequency stimuli produce temporal (wave) summation, twitches piggyback off others
buzzzz buzzbuzzbuzbuzbzbuzbuzbuz
100
low frequency zaps and allows muscle to relax before next zap
buzz. buzz. buzz. buzz.
101
muscle contraction does not always = what?
muscle shortening
102
isometric | what does isometric mean?
contraction without a change in length use these all the time Ex: back-posture
103
isotonic | what does isotonic mean?
contraction with a change in length in tension
104
2 types of isotonic contractions
concentric & eccentric
105
concentric contraction
muscle shortens Ex: lift weight
106
eccentric contraction
muscle lengthens Ex: lower weight most injuries are eccentric-- bc more force is coming down on sarcomeres and weight is on opposite ends (which causes injury)
107
slow twitch | Also called slow oxidative, SO, red fibers, type 1
fatigue resistant, good at endurance exercises, good at aerobic exercise
108
# What is a fast twitch? fast twitch | Also called FG, white fibers, type 2
produce strength quickly but also fatigue quickly, good at anerobic respiration
109
What type of twitch is chicken?
slow twitch, they are land animals and do not fly so their meat is white
110
What type of twitch is duck?
Fast twitch, they fly and use their wings, red meat
111
peristalsis
allows things to be moved thru the digestive system
112
stress-relaxation
respond to tension but does not contract Ex: bladder
113
plasticity
ability to adjust after stretch bladder doesn't stay flabby
114
plank | what type of contraction eccentric, concentric or iostonic
isometric (abs) contractions hold
115
going down push up | what type of contraction eccentric, concentric or iostonic
concentric- bicep
116
going up push up | what type of contraction eccentric, concentric or iostonic
eccentric- pecs, triceps

Human Physiology (4 decks)

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