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Human Physiology > Unit 3- Circulatory, Immune & Respiratory > Flashcards

Unit 3- Circulatory, Immune & Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of?

A

consists of heart, blood vessels and blood

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2
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

How is this different from the circulatory system?

A

refers only to the heart and blood vessels

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3
Q

What is the main purpose of the circulatory system?

A

Transport substances

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4
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A

transport- carry CO2, O2, nutrients, waste, hormones
protection- inflammation, limit infection spread, initiate clotting, neutralize toxins
regulation- fluid balance, stabilize pH of ECF, temp control

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5
Q

what is plasma?

A

matrix of blood; clear, yellow fluid
settles on top

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6
Q

What makes up the most of blood?

A

plasma

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7
Q

What are some things that plasma contains?

A

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, electrolytes, and nutrients

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8
Q

what has erythrocytes?

A

hematocrit

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9
Q

what contains WBC and platelets?

A

Buffy coat

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10
Q

what is the fluid portion of the blood?

A

plasma

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11
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

∆ in concentration can significantly affect blood vol, pressure & flow

A

albumin

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12
Q

what are things that can directly reduce blood viscosity?

A

decreased hemotocrit, and protein deficiency

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13
Q

what are the 3 things classified as formed elements?

A

erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes

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14
Q

what are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

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15
Q

what are platelets?

A

fragments of bone marrow cells

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16
Q

what are leukocytes?

A

white blood cells

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17
Q

define viscosity

A

the thickness or stickiness of blood

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18
Q

define osmolarity

A

the total concentration of solute particles
ex: regulation of sodium, protein…

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19
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of blood

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20
Q

what is plasma?

A

mainly water absorbed from digestive tract, proteins from liver

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21
Q

what is the function of RBC?

A

carry gasses (transport)
*very important- severe deficiency can be fatal in minutes

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22
Q

hemoglobin

A

1 hemoglobin can bind to 4 oxygen
- functions in oxygen and CO2 transport

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23
Q

how is blood type determined?

A

by what antigen you have

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24
Q

what type of blood is the universal recipient?

A

AB

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25
Q

what types of blood is the universal donor?

A

O

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26
Q

anemia

A

lack/ deficiency of RBC or hemoglobin

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27
Q

polycythemia

A

excess of RBC or hemoglobin

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28
Q

sickle- cell

A

heredity hemoglobin defect changes the shape of hemoglobin
- can block blood vessels and be painful

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29
Q

leukemia

A

cancer of hematopoietic tissue usually producing a high number of circulating leukocytes
*effects normal cell %, impaired clotting
(there are less normal cells in the body)

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30
Q

arteries

A

vessels that carry blood away from heart

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31
Q

veins

A

vessels that carry blood toward the heart

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32
Q

capillaries

A

microscopic vessels that connect to the smallest arteries and veins

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33
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and back to heart
*supplied by the right side of heart

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34
Q

systemic circuit

A

supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns it to the heart

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35
Q

T/F: All arteries carry oxygenated blood

A

false.
one example is the pulmonary artery -only artery that carries oxygen-poor blood

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36
Q

left ventricle

A

thickest muscle tissues- because it has to pump blood to the entire body

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37
Q

atrioventricular valves (AV)

A

control blood flow between atria and ventricles

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38
Q

right AV valve

A

tricuspid- has 3 cusps

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39
Q

left AV valve

A

mitral- has 2 cusps

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40
Q

what are the 2 semilunar valves?

A

pulmonary and aortic

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41
Q

pulmonary valve

A

controls opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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42
Q

aortic valve

A

controls opening between left ventricle and aorta

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43
Q

**Valves ensure a ONE-WAY blood flow through heart

A

ONE-WAY

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44
Q

coronary circulation

A

heart has own supply of vessels to deliver blood
- greatest when heart relaxes, must supply heart with blood and oxygen

45
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain from obstruction of coronary blood flow

46
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

sudden death of a patch of myocardium resulting from long-term obstruction of coronary circulation

47
Q

cardiomyocytes

A

striated, short, thick, branched muscle cells, connected by intercalated discs

48
Q

3 characteristic of intercalated discs

A
  • interdigitating folds: ‘egg cartons’ stacked
  • mechanical junctions: ‘zip-ties’ connection
  • electrical junctions: allows ions to flow between cells (gap junctions)
49
Q

cardiac muscle

A

depends almost exclusively on aerobic respiration to make ATP
- also very adaptable to different types of fuel
-lack of fuel isn’t an issue- oxygen is!

50
Q

is contraction systole or diastole?

A

systole- blood ejection

51
Q

is relaxation systole or diastole?

A

diastole- blood filling

52
Q

myogenic

A

signal originates in the heart itself
heartbeat

53
Q

auto rhythmic

A

has built in pacemaker, does not rely on nervous system

54
Q

sinus rhythm

A

normal heartbeat triggered by SA node

55
Q

ectopic focus

A

firing other than SA node
SA node is the heart pacemaker

56
Q

electrocardiogram

A

(ECG/EKG) composite of all action potentials of entire heart
(recording)

57
Q

pressure causes flow and resistance opposes it

A
58
Q

auscultation

A

listening to sounds made by body

59
Q

S1 “Lubb”

A

closure of AV valves

60
Q

S2 “Dupp”

A

closure of semilunar valves

61
Q

end-diastolic volume (EDV)

A

volume in ventricle after diastole (relaxation)

blood comes in

62
Q

end systolic volume (ESV)

A

volume in ventricles after systole
(after squeezing)

blood goes out

63
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A

amount of blood ejected from the heart after 1 beat
(SV=EDV-ESV)

64
Q

cardiac output (CO)

A

amount of blood ejected from heart over 1 minute
- can increase by increasing HR or SV
- (CO= heart rate x stroke volume)

65
Q

how much blood is pumped out per minute when resting?

A

about 5L/ min
(1.5 milk jugs through body)

66
Q

how much blood is pumped out per minute when exercising?

A

about 21L/ min
(5 milk jugs through body)

67
Q

chronotropic agent

A

impacts the heart rate

68
Q

factors that influence heart rate

A
  • ANS (parasympatheic and sympathetic)
  • Receptors (proprio, baro, chemo)
  • Other internal/ external stimuli (drugs, emotions)
69
Q

what does exercise do specifically?

A
  • activate proprioceptors
  • increases amount of blood returning to the heart
  • exercise activates sympathetic nervous system
70
Q

Fun fact:)

Exercise produces ventricular hypertrophy

A

the ventricles get BIGGER which allows for better tolerance of exertion!

71
Q

order of blood vessels from the heart

A

heart-> arteries-> arterioles-> capillaries-> venules-> veins

72
Q

perfusion

A

flow per given volume of tissue in a given time

73
Q

flow

A

amount of blood flowing through an organ or blood vessel in a given time
flow= ΔP/R
↑flow, ↑ pressure
↓flow , ↑ resistance

74
Q

resistance

A

force that opposes the flow of a fluid

74
Q

blood pressure

A

force blood exerts against a vessel wall
pressure= flow x resistance

75
Q

systolic

A

1st # in BP, peak arterial BP- ventricular contraction

76
Q

diastolic

A

2nd # in BP, minimal arterial BP- ventricular relaxation

77
Q

pulse pressure

A

difference in systolic and diastolic pressure

78
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

average blood pressure

79
Q

vasomotion

A

change in blood vessel radius
- general lowering/ raising of BP
- selective re-routing blood

80
Q

vasodilation

A

blood vessels get bigger, muscle relaxes

81
Q

vasoconstriction

A

blood vessels get smaller, muscle contracts

82
Q

3 ways to control vasomotor activity

A
  • local control
  • neural control
  • hormonal control
    ex: exercising vs rest/digest
83
Q

Subtracting the diastolic pressure from the systolic pressure calculates what?

A

pulse pressure

84
Q

Where is systolic pressure the highest?

A

aorta

85
Q

When does blood flow slow?

A

When blood enters pathways with a greater total area or volume

86
Q

blood flow is slowest in which blood vessel?

A

capillaries

87
Q

what are the 4 steps of the cardiac cycle?

A

ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation

88
Q

what is preload?

A

tension in ventricular myocardium immediately before it contracts, equivalent to EDV
↑ preload= ↑ stroke volume

89
Q

what is contractility?

A

how well does the heart contract

90
Q

what is afterload?

A

sum of forces ventricles must overcome to eject blood
↑ afterload= ↓ stroke volume

91
Q

what does the respiratory system do?

A

organ system that takes in air and expels from body

92
Q

aerobic respiration

A

uses oxygen

93
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

does not use oxygen, but energy stored in muscles

94
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system? 4

A

gas exchange, communication, olfaction, acid-base balance

95
Q

what is gas exchange?

A

O2 and CO2 exchanged between blood and air

96
Q

what is olfaction?

A

sense of smell

97
Q

what is acid-base balance?

A

influences pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2
low pH= more acidic
high pH= more basic

98
Q

what does inspiration mean?

A

inhalation

99
Q

what does expiration mean?

A

exhalation

100
Q

respiratory airflow is governed by the same principles as flow and pressure… what is its gradient?

A

gradient is high to low, moves down its gradient

101
Q

what is atmospheric pressure?

A

weight of air above us, 1 atm is standard (barometric) pressure

102
Q

what is intrapulmonary pressure?

A

air pressure within lungs, changes with lung volume
↑ volume= ↓ pressure
↓ volume= ↑ pressure

103
Q

what is Boyle’s Law?

A

pressure is inversely proportional to its volume
*lung volume ↑, then internal pressure ↓
**this is why we don’t have to think about breathing— because of natural pressures that are occurring

104
Q

what happens in inspiration?

A

diaphragm is flat –
- lungs decrease in volume, decrease in pressure
- diaphragm contracts (flattens)
- rib cage expands
- lungs expand
- inter pleural pressure is below atm pressure

105
Q

what happens in expiration?

A

diaphragm is curved ⏜
- lungs decrease in volume, increase in pressure
- air flows out of lungs
- diaphragm relaxes (rounds)
- rib cage contracts
- lungs compressed
- inter pleural pressure is above atm pressure

106
Q

small changes in diameter= small or big impact?

A

big impact!

107
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

only air that reaches the alveoli, but not all air that we breathe goes to alveoli

108
Q
A

Human Physiology (4 decks)

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