Unit 3- Circulatory, Immune & Respiratory Flashcards
What does the circulatory system consist of?
consists of heart, blood vessels and blood
What does the cardiovascular system consist of?
How is this different from the circulatory system?
refers only to the heart and blood vessels
What is the main purpose of the circulatory system?
Transport substances
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
transport- carry CO2, O2, nutrients, waste, hormones
protection- inflammation, limit infection spread, initiate clotting, neutralize toxins
regulation- fluid balance, stabilize pH of ECF, temp control
what is plasma?
matrix of blood; clear, yellow fluid
settles on top
What makes up the most of blood?
plasma
What are some things that plasma contains?
albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, electrolytes, and nutrients
what has erythrocytes?
hematocrit
what contains WBC and platelets?
Buffy coat
what is the fluid portion of the blood?
plasma
What is the most abundant plasma protein?
∆ in concentration can significantly affect blood vol, pressure & flow
albumin
what are things that can directly reduce blood viscosity?
decreased hemotocrit, and protein deficiency
what are the 3 things classified as formed elements?
erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes
what are erythrocytes?
red blood cells
what are platelets?
fragments of bone marrow cells
what are leukocytes?
white blood cells
define viscosity
the thickness or stickiness of blood
define osmolarity
the total concentration of solute particles
ex: regulation of sodium, protein…
hematopoiesis
production of blood
what is plasma?
mainly water absorbed from digestive tract, proteins from liver
what is the function of RBC?
carry gasses (transport)
*very important- severe deficiency can be fatal in minutes
hemoglobin
1 hemoglobin can bind to 4 oxygen
- functions in oxygen and CO2 transport
how is blood type determined?
by what antigen you have
what type of blood is the universal recipient?
AB
what types of blood is the universal donor?
O
anemia
lack/ deficiency of RBC or hemoglobin
polycythemia
excess of RBC or hemoglobin
sickle- cell
heredity hemoglobin defect changes the shape of hemoglobin
- can block blood vessels and be painful
leukemia
cancer of hematopoietic tissue usually producing a high number of circulating leukocytes
*effects normal cell %, impaired clotting
(there are less normal cells in the body)
arteries
vessels that carry blood away from heart
veins
vessels that carry blood toward the heart
capillaries
microscopic vessels that connect to the smallest arteries and veins
pulmonary circuit
carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and back to heart
*supplied by the right side of heart
systemic circuit
supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns it to the heart
T/F: All arteries carry oxygenated blood
false.
one example is the pulmonary artery -only artery that carries oxygen-poor blood
left ventricle
thickest muscle tissues- because it has to pump blood to the entire body
atrioventricular valves (AV)
control blood flow between atria and ventricles
right AV valve
tricuspid- has 3 cusps
left AV valve
mitral- has 2 cusps
what are the 2 semilunar valves?
pulmonary and aortic
pulmonary valve
controls opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
aortic valve
controls opening between left ventricle and aorta
**Valves ensure a ONE-WAY blood flow through heart
ONE-WAY
coronary circulation
heart has own supply of vessels to deliver blood
- greatest when heart relaxes, must supply heart with blood and oxygen
angina pectoris
chest pain from obstruction of coronary blood flow
myocardial infarction (MI)
sudden death of a patch of myocardium resulting from long-term obstruction of coronary circulation
cardiomyocytes
striated, short, thick, branched muscle cells, connected by intercalated discs
3 characteristic of intercalated discs
- interdigitating folds: ‘egg cartons’ stacked
- mechanical junctions: ‘zip-ties’ connection
- electrical junctions: allows ions to flow between cells (gap junctions)
cardiac muscle
depends almost exclusively on aerobic respiration to make ATP
- also very adaptable to different types of fuel
-lack of fuel isn’t an issue- oxygen is!
is contraction systole or diastole?
systole- blood ejection
is relaxation systole or diastole?
diastole- blood filling
myogenic
signal originates in the heart itself
heartbeat
auto rhythmic
has built in pacemaker, does not rely on nervous system
sinus rhythm
normal heartbeat triggered by SA node
ectopic focus
firing other than SA node
SA node is the heart pacemaker
electrocardiogram
(ECG/EKG) composite of all action potentials of entire heart
(recording)
pressure causes flow and resistance opposes it
auscultation
listening to sounds made by body
S1 “Lubb”
closure of AV valves
S2 “Dupp”
closure of semilunar valves
end-diastolic volume (EDV)
volume in ventricle after diastole (relaxation)
blood comes in
end systolic volume (ESV)
volume in ventricles after systole
(after squeezing)
blood goes out
stroke volume (SV)
amount of blood ejected from the heart after 1 beat
(SV=EDV-ESV)
cardiac output (CO)
amount of blood ejected from heart over 1 minute
- can increase by increasing HR or SV
- (CO= heart rate x stroke volume)
how much blood is pumped out per minute when resting?
about 5L/ min
(1.5 milk jugs through body)
how much blood is pumped out per minute when exercising?
about 21L/ min
(5 milk jugs through body)
chronotropic agent
impacts the heart rate
factors that influence heart rate
- ANS (parasympatheic and sympathetic)
- Receptors (proprio, baro, chemo)
- Other internal/ external stimuli (drugs, emotions)
what does exercise do specifically?
- activate proprioceptors
- increases amount of blood returning to the heart
- exercise activates sympathetic nervous system
Fun fact:)
Exercise produces ventricular hypertrophy
the ventricles get BIGGER which allows for better tolerance of exertion!
order of blood vessels from the heart
heart-> arteries-> arterioles-> capillaries-> venules-> veins
perfusion
flow per given volume of tissue in a given time
flow
amount of blood flowing through an organ or blood vessel in a given time
flow= ΔP/R
↑flow, ↑ pressure
↓flow , ↑ resistance
resistance
force that opposes the flow of a fluid
blood pressure
force blood exerts against a vessel wall
pressure= flow x resistance
systolic
1st # in BP, peak arterial BP- ventricular contraction
diastolic
2nd # in BP, minimal arterial BP- ventricular relaxation
pulse pressure
difference in systolic and diastolic pressure
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
average blood pressure
vasomotion
change in blood vessel radius
- general lowering/ raising of BP
- selective re-routing blood
vasodilation
blood vessels get bigger, muscle relaxes
vasoconstriction
blood vessels get smaller, muscle contracts
3 ways to control vasomotor activity
- local control
- neural control
- hormonal control
ex: exercising vs rest/digest
Subtracting the diastolic pressure from the systolic pressure calculates what?
pulse pressure
Where is systolic pressure the highest?
aorta
When does blood flow slow?
When blood enters pathways with a greater total area or volume
blood flow is slowest in which blood vessel?
capillaries
what are the 4 steps of the cardiac cycle?
ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation
what is preload?
tension in ventricular myocardium immediately before it contracts, equivalent to EDV
↑ preload= ↑ stroke volume
what is contractility?
how well does the heart contract
what is afterload?
sum of forces ventricles must overcome to eject blood
↑ afterload= ↓ stroke volume
what does the respiratory system do?
organ system that takes in air and expels from body
aerobic respiration
uses oxygen
anaerobic respiration
does not use oxygen, but energy stored in muscles
what are the functions of the respiratory system? 4
gas exchange, communication, olfaction, acid-base balance
what is gas exchange?
O2 and CO2 exchanged between blood and air
what is olfaction?
sense of smell
what is acid-base balance?
influences pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2
low pH= more acidic
high pH= more basic
what does inspiration mean?
inhalation
what does expiration mean?
exhalation
respiratory airflow is governed by the same principles as flow and pressure… what is its gradient?
gradient is high to low, moves down its gradient
what is atmospheric pressure?
weight of air above us, 1 atm is standard (barometric) pressure
what is intrapulmonary pressure?
air pressure within lungs, changes with lung volume
↑ volume= ↓ pressure
↓ volume= ↑ pressure
what is Boyle’s Law?
pressure is inversely proportional to its volume
*lung volume ↑, then internal pressure ↓
**this is why we don’t have to think about breathing— because of natural pressures that are occurring
what happens in inspiration?
diaphragm is flat –
- lungs decrease in volume, decrease in pressure
- diaphragm contracts (flattens)
- rib cage expands
- lungs expand
- inter pleural pressure is below atm pressure
what happens in expiration?
diaphragm is curved ⏜
- lungs decrease in volume, increase in pressure
- air flows out of lungs
- diaphragm relaxes (rounds)
- rib cage contracts
- lungs compressed
- inter pleural pressure is above atm pressure
small changes in diameter= small or big impact?
big impact!
alveolar ventilation
only air that reaches the alveoli, but not all air that we breathe goes to alveoli
