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Human Physiology > Phys. Unit 2: Nervous System > Flashcards

Phys. Unit 2: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system

A

major controlling, regulating, and communicating system

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2
Q

How does the nervous system coordinate the body?

A
  1. It receives stimuli from external environment and transmits messages to central nervous system (CNS)
  2. The CNS processes the information and determines response
  3. CNS issues commands primarily to muscle and gland cells to carry
    out response
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3
Q

What does the central nervous system deal with?

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord
(CNS)

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4
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system deal with?

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves and ganglia
(PNS)

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5
Q

nerve

A

bundle of nerve fibers

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6
Q

ganglion

A

knot-like swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies of PNS are concentrated.

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7
Q

what is a neuron

A

a nerve cell

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8
Q

What is included in the sensory category/web?

sensory

subunit fron the PNS

A

afferent, carries signals from receptors
(A for arrive, afferent)

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9
Q

visceral sensory

A

carries signal from viscera (heart, lungs, stomach, organs)

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10
Q

somatic sensory

A

carries signal from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, joints

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11
Q

What is included in the motor web?

motor

Subunit of the PNS

A

efferent, from nervous system to effectors
(e for exit, efferent)

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12
Q

somatic motor

A

to skeletal muscles

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13
Q

visceral motor

A

to glands; smooth muscle

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14
Q

3 properties of neurons

A

excitability, conductivity, and secretion

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15
Q

excitability

A

ability to respond to a stimuli

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16
Q

conductivity

A

produce electrical signals conducted to other cells

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17
Q

secretion

A

when a signal reaches the end of an axon, the neuron secretes a neurotransmitter that cross the gap and stimulates the next cell.

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18
Q

sensory neurons

A

afferent, detect stimuli
Ex: light, heat pressure

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19
Q

interneurons

A

receives signal from other neurons, makes the decisions, entirely in CNS
‘gossip-ers’

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20
Q

motor neurons

A

efferent, send signals out to muscles and gland cells

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21
Q

function of sensory (afferent) neurons

A

recieve signals and carry signals to spinal cord and brain

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22
Q

cell body

A

(otherwise called ‘soma’) contains nucleus and many organelles
*rough ER

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23
Q

neurites

A

extensions, reaching out to other cells

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24
Q

dendrites

A

primary sites for receiving signals from other neurons

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25
Q

axon

A

specialized for rapid conduction, long cylindrical
highway-electrical conduction

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26
Q

multipolar neuron

A

most common in CNS
1 axon, many dendrites

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27
Q

bipolar neuron

A

usually in ear or retina
1 axon, 1 dendrite

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28
Q

unipolar neuron

A

carry pain and touch signals to spinal cord
1 axon, small dendrite

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29
Q

anaxonic neurons

A

found in brain, retina, and adrenal gland
no axon, many dendrites

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30
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

bubble wrap of axons, form myelin sheets in CNS

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31
Q

axonal transport

A

2-way passage of proteins, organelles and other materials

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32
Q

anterograde transport

A

movement away from cell body, down the axon

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33
Q

retrograde transport

A

movement toward cell body and up the axon

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34
Q

fast axonal transport

A

moves organelles
200mm/day

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35
Q

slow axonal transport

A

stop-and-go fashion
0.2mm/day
moves enzyme down axon

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36
Q

Schwann Cells

A

form myelin sheath and assist regeneration of damaged fibers

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37
Q

satellite cells

A

surround nerve cell bodies, provide insulation and regulate chemical environment

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38
Q

myelin sheath

A

spiral layers of insulation around axon
formed by Schwann cells in PNS and oligodendrocytes in CNS
20% protein 80% lipid

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39
Q

myelination

A

production of myelin sheath
begins during fetal development, which is why babies need fat in their milk

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40
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath that speeds up conduction

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41
Q

neurolemma

A

thick, outermost coil, around a nerve axon

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42
Q

ependymal cells

A

line internal cavities of brain; secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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43
Q

microglia

A

macrophages, engulf debris, provide defense against pathogens

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44
Q

astrocytes

A

most abundant type of gilial cell, in the CNS; wide variety of functions:
nervous tissue framework
form scar tissue
adjust blood flow
*blood-brain barrier

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45
Q

electrical potential

A

difference in concentration of charged particles between two points. measured in volts

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46
Q

what is a current

A

flow of charged particles

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47
Q

anion

A

Cl-, negative charge

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48
Q

cation

A

Na+, positive charge
or Ca +2

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49
Q

polarization

A

something with electrical potential

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50
Q

resting membrane potential

A

charge difference across plasma membrane, typically *-70 millivolts *

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51
Q

speed a nerve signal travels down depends on:

A

diameter- larger axons conduct signals faster
presence or absence of myelin- myelin speeds up signal conduction
EX) small, unmyelinated: 0.2m/s
large, myelinated: 120m/s (270 mph)

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52
Q

unmyelinated axons have voltage gated-channels…

A

down entire length

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53
Q

myelinated axons have voltage gated channels where?

A

concentrated at the nodes

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54
Q

saltatory conduction

A

action potentials ‘jump’ from node to node

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55
Q

local potential

A

temporary, short-range change in voltage

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56
Q

characteristics of local potential (4)

A

graded, decremental, reversible, excitatory/inhibitory

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57
Q

depolarization

A

causing membrane potential to be less negative (more positive)
Ex: chemical binds to receptor and Na+ enters the cell
(step 3)

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58
Q

hyper polarization

A

causing membrane potential to be more negative (less positive)
Ex: chemical binds to receptor, opens and Cl- enters cell

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59
Q

action potential

A

rapid up/down change in voltage produced by the coordinated opening/closing of voltage gated channels

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60
Q

all or none law

A

if the threshold is reached, neuron fires up to maximum voltage. If threshold is not reached, nothing happens (does not fire)

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61
Q

decremental

A

get weaker with distance, the farther away it gets from the point of stimulation

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62
Q

irreversible

A

once started, an action potential travels all the way down, the axon can’t be stopped.

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63
Q

excitatory/inhibitory

A

make a neuron more or less likely to fire an action potential

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64
Q

electrical synapse

A

send signals electrically through gap junctions
+ very fast, faster than chemical synapses
- can’t integrate info/ make decisions

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65
Q

chemical synapse

A

send signals with neurotransmitters across a synaptic cleft
+ advanced info coding, site of learning and memory
- slower, requires more steps
ex: neuromuscular junction

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66
Q

synapse

A

point where axon terminal meets the next cell, not necessarily physical contact (synaptic cleft)

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67
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

transmitting signal and releasing neurotransmitters

68
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

responds to the neurotransmitters

69
Q

axodendritic synapse

A

majority of our synapses

70
Q

What are the 5 steps for a neuron-neuron synapse to happen?

transmission for neuron-neuron synapse

A
  1. Action potential arrives at end of axon of pesynaptic neuron
  2. presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters
  3. neurotransmitter binds to receptors on postsynaptic neuron
  4. binding can have excitatory or inhibiroty effect
  5. communication ends
71
Q

What are the two steps need to end communication?

ending communication

A

-presynaptic ell stops releasing neurotransmitter
-neurotransmitter is cleared from synaptic cleft

72
Q

neurotransmitter degradation

A

enzyme in synaptic cleft that breaks down neurotransmitter

73
Q

One way of getting rid of excess molecules after ending communication:

reuptake

A

once broken up, the molecule can be reabsorbed into the axon terminal

74
Q

One way of getting rid of excess molecules after ending communication:

diffusion

A

simply diffuse away into ECF
*many neurological drugs disrupt this process, also over 100 differnt neurotransmitters (ACh)

75
Q

neural integration

A

ability to process, store and recall information and use it to make decisions

76
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

voltage becomes more positive, close to threshold- more likely to fire an action potential

77
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

voltage becomes more negative, further away from threshold- less likely to fire
usually results in Cl- flowing into cell or K+ exiting cell

78
Q

summation

A

adding up postsynaptic potentials and responding to their net effect

79
Q

temporal summation

A

single synapse generate EPSPs so fast that each is generated before the previous one fades
Ex) one person yelling “go, go, go!”

80
Q

spatial summation

A

EPSPs from different synapses add up to the threshold at an axon hillock
Ex) many people next to you yelling “go, go, go!”

81
Q

presynaptic facilitation

Advisor to the King

A

whispering excitatory information, one presynaptic neuron enhanced another, increases likelihood of action potential

Ex: telling you to do a good thing

82
Q

presynaptic inhibition

Advisor to the King

A

occurs when whispering inhibitory information, one neuron supresses another one, decreases the likelihood of an action potential

Ex: telling you to do a bad thing

83
Q

Spinal cord physiology

What are the 4 regions of spinal cord?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

top to bottom, neck to butt

84
Q

conduction

A

nerve fibers conduct sensory and motor information up and down the spinal cord

85
Q

neural integration

A

spinal neurons receive inputs from multiple sources, integrate it and execute appropriate output
Ex: bladder control

86
Q

locomotion

A

spinal cord contains central pattern generators= groups of neurons that coordinate movement

87
Q

reflexes

A

involuntary, response to stimuli, vital for posture and protection
*skip the brain

88
Q

what sides are spinal tracts on?

A

both sides!

89
Q

ascending tract

A

carry sensory info up

90
Q

descending tract

A

carry motor info down

91
Q

decussation

A

crossing of the midline so the brain senses and controls contralateral side of body
- left brain controls right side of body

92
Q

contralateral

A

origin and destination are on opposite sides
-left side brain controls right side body

93
Q

ipsilateral

A

origin and destination are on the same side, do not cross (decussation)
- left brain controls left side of body

94
Q

ascending tract & orders

A

sensory info from periphery to brain
3 orders

95
Q

1st order of ascending tract

A

detect stimuli and transmit signal to spinal cord or brainstem, receptors in PNS

96
Q

2nd order of ascending tract

A

continue to the thalamus (relay center) in CNS

97
Q

3rd order of ascending tract

A

carry up to cerebral cortex, in CNS

98
Q

What is the function of the posterior funiculus?

posterior funiculus

Dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway or DCML

A

carries proprioceptions of limb and trunk, deep touch and vibration

99
Q

What is the function of the anterolateral system?

anterolateral system

spinothalamic tract (STT)

A

carries sensations of l ight touch, itch, pressure and nocioception (damaged tissue)

100
Q

sensory nerves

A

only afferent fibers, carries sensory receptors to CNS, rare!

101
Q

motor nerves

A

composed only of efferent fibers; carry signals from CNS to muscles and glands

102
Q

mixed nerves

A

consist of both afferent and efferent fibers
*most common type

103
Q

What are reflexes?

reflexes

A

involuntary, quick stereotypes reaction (same thing will always happen)

104
Q

somatic reflexes

A

somatic nervous system, skeletal muscle

105
Q

monosynaptic reflex arc

A

one synapse between afferent and efferent neurons, very fast

106
Q

polysynaptic reflex arc

A

multiple synapses on the way to the muscle, takes longer

107
Q

What is the stretch reflex?

stretch reflex

A

myostatic, monosynaptic, when a muscle is stretched, it ‘fights back’ and contracts
Ex: knee jerk, head when falling asleep
- use reciproical inhibition same limb
- prevents muscles from working against each other
- in knee jerk, quads contract and hamstrings relax

108
Q

What is the flexor reflex?

flexor reflex

A

withdrawl, polysynaptic
- quick contraction with withdrawl of a limb from an injurous stimulus
- use reciprical inhibition
- Ex: touching electrical fence and withdrawing hand

109
Q

What is the crossed- extension reflex?

crossed- extension reflex

A

polysynaptic
Ex: step on a lego… both legs must move otherwise you will fall over

110
Q

What is the golgi tendon reflex?

Golgi tendon reflex

A

inhibits muscle from contracting too strongly
- can be either mono or polysynaptic- it depends!

111
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of forebrain
- sensory perception, memory, thought, judgement

112
Q

cerebellum

A

2nd largest part of brain
- motor coordination, locomotor ability

113
Q

brainstem

A

rest of brain
- regulation of breathing, heart rate, sleep

114
Q

Gray matter

A

nerve cell bodies, dendrites, synapses

115
Q

white matter

A

bundles of nerve fibers

116
Q

frontal lobe

A

executive functioning, emotional regulation

117
Q

parietal lobe

A

senses (touch, taste, smell) -pain, temperature, pressure

118
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory process and hearing, recognizing language

119
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision processing, location , depth

120
Q

cognition

A

many areas
ex: banana (see a yellow thing, smell it, oh I can peel it!)

121
Q

memory

A

info retrieval and storage
Alzheimers= anterograde amnesia- can’t remember new information

122
Q

hippocampus

A

organizes cognitive information, memory consolidation

123
Q

amygdala

A

emotional memory

124
Q

What percent of daily calories consumed is used by the brain’s activity?

A

25%!

125
Q

Glutamate and aspartate are…

Excitatory/inhibitory and IPSP or EPSP

A

excitatory= EPSP

126
Q

Glycine and GABA are…

A

inhibitory= IPSP

127
Q

What type of synapse is formed on the cell body of the postsynaptic neuron?

A

axosomatic

128
Q

3 functions of neurotransmitters

A

They bind to receptors and alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell.
They are released in response to stimulation.
They are synthesized by presynaptic neurons.

129
Q

Enzyme amplification occurs at which type of synapse?

A

Excitatory adrenergic

130
Q

The ability of your neurons to process information, store and recall information, and to make decisions is called neural____

A

integration

131
Q

What would cause postsynaptic stimulation to end? 3

A

Enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft
Cessation of signals in the presynaptic nerve fiber
Diffusion of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft into extracellular fluid
Reuptake of neurotransmitter into the presynaptic knob

132
Q

cholinergic uses what as a neurotransmitter

A

ACh

133
Q

adrenergic uses what as a neurotransmitter

A

norepinephrine

134
Q

The ability of a neuron to enhance the effect of another neuron is called what?

A

Presynaptic facilitation

135
Q

describe the location of the initial segment of an axon

A

Between the axon hillock and first glial cell

136
Q

what is the ANS?

A

autonomic nervous system

137
Q

what does the ANS do?

A

regulate heart rate, blood pressure, body temp and urination and sexual functions.
*bodily homeostasis
-targets abdominal cavities
-does NOT innervate skeletal muscles
-does not require conscious intent

138
Q

visceral reflexes

A

unconscious, automatic
same idea as somatic reflexes, reflex arc is the same
Ex: baroreflex

139
Q

endocrine system

A

glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

140
Q

What are hormones?

hormones

A

chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to tissues and organs

141
Q

what are the functions of the spinal cord

A

Conduction, locomotion, and reflexes

142
Q

sympathetic division

A

promote activity/ fight or flight
increases heart rate and blood pressure

143
Q

parasympathetic division

A

promote relaxing/ rest and digest
clams energy expenditure

144
Q

enteric plexus

A

gut-brain

145
Q

muscarinic receptors

A

found in organ muscle

146
Q

nicotinic receptors

A

found on postganglionic cell bodies

147
Q

norepinephrine

A

agernigic
alpha- usually excitatory
beta- usually inhibitory

148
Q

sympathetic effects last longer than parasympathetic

A

**

149
Q

dual innervation

A

most viscera have nerve fibers from para and sympathetic
- antagonistic effects (opposite)heart rate
- cooperative effects (together) saliva production

Not always necessary to produce opposite effects ex) blood pressure

150
Q

spinal cord damage may effect what parts of the body?

A

bladder and bladder control

151
Q

Characteristics of the nervous system

Nervous system

A
  • responds quickly
  • adapts quickly to long-term stimuli
  • one organ effected, specific
152
Q

Characteristics of the endocrine system

Endocrine system

A
  • slow response, days affected
  • adapts slowly to long-term stimuli
  • very general, widespread effects, many organs
153
Q

What is a target organ/cell?

target organ/ cell

A

can be in multiple places (organs)

organs and cells that have receptors for a hormone and can respond

154
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • forms floor and walls of their ventricle of brain
  • regulates primative balance- sex drive, water balance
  • many functions by pituitary gland
155
Q

anterior pituitary

A

linked to hypothalamus by blood vessels

156
Q

posterior pituitary

A

nerve tissue, not a true gland

157
Q

posterior pituitary hormone

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

increases water retention by kidneys

158
Q

oxytocin

A

sexual arousal
stimulates contractions during birth
stimulates flow of milk during lactation

159
Q

negative feedback inhibition

A

increases target organ hormone levels inhibit release of pituitary hormones
most common
ex) thyroid hormone

160
Q

growth hormone

A

widespread effects on body tissues
stimulate bone and muscle growth (especially in childhood)

161
Q

thyroid gland

A

largest gland, purely endocrine around trachea
releases TH
function: increases metabolic rate

162
Q

parathyroid gland

A

4 small glands embedded in the thyroid
release PTH
increase blood calcium levels

163
Q

hypocalcemia

A

low calcium

164
Q

hypercalcemia

A

high calcium

165
Q

adrenal gland

A

sits on top on kidneys (hat)

166
Q

adrenal hormones

A

catecholamines

Human Physiology (4 decks)

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