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anatomy & physiology 2 > unit 4 study guide > Flashcards

unit 4 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

describe the main functions of the digestive system

A
  1. take in food
  2. breaking it down into nutrient molecules
  3. absorbing molecules into the bloodstream
  4. ridding the body of any indigestible remains
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2
Q

describe the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion

A

mechanical - chewing, mixing food with saliva, chumming food in stomach, and segmentation

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3
Q

segmentation

A

local constriction of intestine that mixes food with digestive juices

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4
Q

1st layer of the digestive tract

A
  1. mucosa: tunic layer that lines lumen
    - secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
    - absorbs end products of digestion
    - protects against infectious disease
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5
Q

2nd layer of the digestive tract

A
  1. submucosa
    - consists of areolar connective tissue
    - contains blood and lymphatic vessels
    - has an abundant amount of elastic tissues
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6
Q

3rd layer of the digestive tract

A
  1. muscularis externa
    - muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
    - circular, longitudinal muscle
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7
Q

4th layer of the digestive tract

A
  1. serosa
    - outermost layer
    - made up of visceral peritoneum
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8
Q

mesentery

A

double layer of peritoneum

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9
Q

splanchnic circulation

A

arteries that branch off aorta to serve digestive organs

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10
Q

hepatic portal circulation

A

drains nutrient-rich blood from digestive organs
delivers blood to liver for processing

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11
Q

mouth

A

food is chewed and mixed with enzyme-containing saliva that begins process of digestion, and swallowing process is initiated
-soft and hard palate

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12
Q

tongue

A

occupies the floor of the mouth
- gripping, repositioning, and mixing of food during chewing
- formation of bolus, mixture of food and saliva

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13
Q

lingual frenulum

A

attachment to floor of mouth

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14
Q

ankyloglossia

A

congenital condition in which children are born with an extremely short lingual frenulum (tongue tied)

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15
Q

saliva

A

-cleanses mouth
- dissolves food chemicals for taste
- begins breakdown of starch with enzyme amylase

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16
Q

salivary glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

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17
Q

salivary glands composed of what cells

A
  1. serous cells: produce watery secretion, enzymes, ions, bit of mucin
  2. mucous cells: produce mucus
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18
Q

composition of saliva

A
  • mostly water
  • slightly acidic
  • electrolytes
  • contains enzymes salivary amylase and lingual lipase
  • proteins
    -metabolic wastes: urea, igA
    -lysozyme`
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19
Q

teeth

A

lie in sockets in gum covered margins
-mastication

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20
Q

pharynx

A

allows passage of food, fluids, and air

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21
Q

esophagus

A

flat muscular tube that runs from laryngopharynx to stomach

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22
Q

heartburn

A

cause by stomach acid regulating into esophagus

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23
Q

deglutition

A
  1. buccal phase - voluntary contraction of tongue
  2. pharyngeal-esophageal phase - involuntary contraction
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24
Q

stomach

A

temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion

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25
Q

chyme

A

bolus of food to paste

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26
Q

types of gland cells of the stomach

A
  1. mucous neck cells
    secrete thin, acid mucus
  2. parietal cells
    secrete hydrochloric acid (HCL)
    - denatures protein, activates pepsin
    intrinsic factor
    - required for absorption of vitamin B12
  3. chief cells
    secrete pepsinogen , that is activated by pepsin
    pepsin
    lipase
  4. enteroendocrine cells
    paracrine: serotonin & histamine
    Hormones: somatostatin & gastrin
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27
Q

gastrin

A

stimulates HCI secretion in stomach

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28
Q

somatostatin

A

inhibits GI activity and the secretion of insulin and glucagon

29
Q

bile

A

fat emulsifier

30
Q

galbladder

A

storage of bile

31
Q

liver

A

digestive function is production of bile
- detoxifies blood
- removes and stores nutrients
- stores iron and vitamins A,D,E, and K
- produces urea after breaking down amino acids

32
Q

hepatic artery

A

supplies oxygen

33
Q

hepocytes

A

increased rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria

34
Q

jaundice

A

can be cause by liver failure
- blockage can cause bile salts and pigments to build up in blood

35
Q

exocrine

A

produce pancreatic juice

36
Q

endocrine

A

secretion of insulin and glucagon `

37
Q

amylase

A

digest starch (carbs)

38
Q

lipase

A

digest fat

39
Q

nucleases

A

break down nucleic acids

40
Q

protease enzymes

A

for protein digestion

41
Q

secretin

A

secreted by duodenum

42
Q

secretin

A

secreted by duodenum
when secreted by HCI and chyme, the gall bladder is stimulated to release bile and pancreatic juice

43
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

release by the duodenum when proteins and fats are present
stimulates output of pancreatic juice

44
Q

small intestine

A

the major organ of digestion and absorption

45
Q

ileocecal valve

A

point at which it joins large intestine.

46
Q

villi

A

fingerlike projections of mucosa
lymphatic capillary- lacteal for absorption

47
Q

microvilli

A

cytoplasmic extensions of mucosal cell that give fuzzy appearance
brush border- final carbohydrate and protein digestion

48
Q

intestinal crypts

A

tubular glands scattered between villi

49
Q

villi

A

absorbs nutrients and electrolytes

50
Q

crypts

A

produce intestinal juice, carrier fluid for chyme

51
Q

peyers patches

A

aggregated lymphoid nodules

52
Q

lamina propria

A

also contains large numbers of plasma cells that secrete igA

53
Q

large intestine

A
  • propulsion of feces to anus and defecation
  • vitamins, water, and electrolytes are reclaimed
54
Q

digestion

A

catabolic process that breaks macromolecules down into monomers small enough for absorption

55
Q

hydrolysis

A

water is added to break chemical bonds

56
Q

absorption

A

is the process of moving substances from lumen of gut into body

57
Q

emulsification

A

triglycerides and their breakdown products are insoluble in water

58
Q

diffusion

A

lipid products leave micelles and cross epithelial membrane via diffusion

59
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis of large molecules from small ones

60
Q

catabolism

A

hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones

61
Q

post absorptive state

A
  • catabolism of fat, glycogen, and proteins exceeds anabolism
62
Q

insulin

A

hormone that stimulates glucose uptake

63
Q

glucacon

A

hormone that stimulates a rise in blood glucose levels

64
Q

metabolic role of the liver

A
  • process nearly every class of nutrient
  • maintains blood glucose levels
    -primary site of fat metabolism
  • site of plasma protein metabolism
  • regulating plasma cholesterol levels
  • store vitamins and minerals
  • metabolize alcohol, drugs, hormones, and bilirubin
65
Q

glycolysis

A

converts glucose to pyruvic acid

66
Q

glycogenesis

A

polymerizes glucose to form glycogen

67
Q

glycogenolysis

A

hydrolyzes glycogen to glucose monomers

68
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

forms glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors

anatomy & physiology 2 (10 decks)

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