the urinary system

Question 1

ureters

Answer 1

transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

Question 2

urinary bladder

Answer 2

temporary storage reservoir for urine

Question 3

urethra

Answer 3

transports urine out of body

Question 4

kidneys

Answer 4

maintain the body’s internal environment
- regulating total water volume and total solute
- regulating ions concentrations in extracellular fluid (ECF)
- ensuring long-term acid-base balance
- excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
- producing erythropoietin (regulating rbc) and renin (regulates BP)
- activating vitamin d
- carrying out gluconeogenesis if needed

Question 5

retroperitoneal

Answer 5

in the superior lumbar region
-right kidney is crowded by liver and is lower than left

Question 6

adrenal gland

Answer 6

sits atop each kidney
-convex lateral surface

Question 7

renal cortex

Answer 7

granular appearing superficial region

Question 8

renal medulla

Answer 8

deep to cortex composed of cone-shaped medullary pyramids

Question 9

papilla

Answer 9

tip of pyramid points internally

Question 10

renal pelvis

Answer 10

funnel shaped tube continuous with ureter

Question 11

minor calyces

Answer 11

cup shaped areas that collect urine draining from pyramidal papillae

Question 12

major calyces

Answer 12

areas that collect urine from minor calyces
- empty urine into renal pelvis

Question 13

urine flow

Answer 13

renal pyramid –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter

Question 14

pyelitis

Answer 14

infection of renal pelvis and calyces

Question 15

pyelonephritis

Answer 15

infection or inflammation of entire kidney
- infections in females are usually caused by fecal bacteria entering urinary tract
- severe cases can cause swelling of kidney and abscess formation and pus may fill renal pelvis

Question 16

renal arteries

Answer 16

deliver about one fourth of cardiac output to kidneys each minute

Question 17

arterial flow

Answer 17

renal –> segmental –> interlobar –> arcuate –> cortical radiate

Question 18

venous flow

Answer 18

cortical radiate –> arcuate –> interlobar –> renal veins

Question 19

nephrons

Answer 19

are the structural and functional units that form urine
- renal corpuscle
- renal tubule

Question 20

renal corpuscle

Answer 20

glomerulus
glomerular capsule

Question 21

glomerulus

Answer 21

• tuff of capillaries composed of fenestrated epithelium (lots of holes colander)
• Allows for efficient filtrate formation
  filtrate: plasma-derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine

Question 22

glomerular capsule

Answer 22

cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
2 layers:
* parietal layer- simple squamous epithelium
* visceral layer - clings to glomerular capillaries, branching epithelial podocytes
- extensions terminate in foot processes
- filtration slits between foot processes allow filtrate to pass into capsular space

Question 23

renal corpuscle

Answer 23

1. proximal convoluted tubule
2. nephron loop (loop of henle)
3. distal convoluted tubule (drains into collecting duct)

Question 24

1. proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 24

simple cuboidal epithelial cells with dense microvilli that form brush border
- functions in reabsorption and secretion

Question 25

2. nephron loop (loop of henle)

Answer 25

u-shaped structure consisting of two limbs
* descending limb; simple squamous epithelium
* ascending limb; cuboidal or columnar cells

Question 26

3. distal convoluted tubule

Answer 26

simple cuboidal cells
function more in secretion than reabsorption

Question 27

collecting duct

Answer 27

• receive filtrate from many nephrons
• ducts fuse together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces
  1. principal cells: maintain water and Na+ balance
  2. intercalated cells: help maintain acid-base balance of blood

Question 28

2 major groups of nephrons

Answer 28

1. cortical nephrons
   - make up 85% of nephrons
2. juxtamedullary nephrons
   - long nephron loops deeply invade medulla
   - important in production of concentrated urine

Question 29

renal tubules are associated with 2 capillary beds

Answer 29

1. capillaries of the glomerulus
   - capillaries are specialized for filtration
   - different from other capillary beds because they are fed and drained by the arteriole
   - afferent arteriole arises from cortical radiate arteries
   - efferent arteriole feed into either peritubular capillaries or vasa recta
   Blood pressure in glomerulus is high because; afferent arterioles are larger in diameter than efferent arterioles
2. peritubular capillaries
   - low pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption of water and solutes
   - arise from efferent arterioles
   - cling to adjacent renal tubes in cortex
   - empty into venules
   - vasa recta; form concentrated urine