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anatomy & physiology 2 > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of lungs

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2
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 in lungs and blood

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3
Q

internal respiration

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 in systemic blood vessels and tissue

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4
Q

functions of nose & nasal cavity

A
  • filters and cleans air
  • provides an airway for respiration
  • moistens and warms entering air
  • serves ad resonating chamber for speech
  • houses olfactory receptors
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5
Q

three regions of the pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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6
Q

epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage, open for breathing

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7
Q

glottis

A

opening between vocal folds

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8
Q

thyroid & cricoid cartilage

A

shield, can affect the level of tension affecting the vocal cords

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9
Q

arytenoid cartilage

A

production of vocal sound

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10
Q

vocal folds

A

folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs

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11
Q

how do vocal cords differ in men and women

A

the opening is wider for men than in women making the sound deeper

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12
Q

describe the trachea & bronchial tree

A

trachea - windpipe extends from larynx into mediastinum, where it divides into two main bronchi
bronchial tree - air passages undergo 23 orders of branching

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13
Q

how is the right lung different from the left

A

three lobes on the right and two on the left

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14
Q

what type of tissue is alveoli composed of

A

simple squamous epithelium

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15
Q

what are its functions

A

allows gas exchange across membrane by simple diffusion

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16
Q

why is surfactant important ?

A

keeps the alveoli inflated that is essential.

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17
Q

what causes respiratory distress syndrome

A

insufficient quantity of surfactant in premature infants
- fetal lungs do not produce adequate amounts of surfactant until last two months of development

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18
Q

describe respiratory membrane

A

blood- air barrier that consists of alveolar and capillary walls along with their fused basement membranes, very thin

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19
Q

which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs? oxygenated lungs?

A

pulmonary arteries - deoxygenated
pulmonary veins - oxygenated

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20
Q

what is atmospheric pressure?

A

760 mm hg

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21
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure in alveoli
- fluctuates with breathing

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22
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure in pleural cavity
- always a negative number

23
Q

intrapleural pressure during inspiration

A

cavity pressure becomes more negative

24
Q

intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration

A

lungs are stretched then pressure drops by 1 mm Hg, air flows into lungs, down its pressure gradient

25
Q

intrapleural pressure in expiration

A

returns to inital value as chest wall recoils

26
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure increases during expiration

27
Q

atelectasis

A

lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles, causes collapse of aveoli

28
Q

pneumothorax

A

air in pleural cavity

29
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breath

30
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume

31
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs

32
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air that remains in lungs

33
Q

vital capacity

A

tv + irv + erv

34
Q

total lung capacity

A

sum of all lung volumes

35
Q

partial pressure

A

pressure exerted by each gas in mixture
directly proportional to its percentage in mixture

36
Q

what happens to the partial pressure in high altitude

A

partial pressure declines

37
Q

external respiration

A

involves the exchange of O2 and CO2 across respiratory membranes
- partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
- ventilation perfusion coupling
alveolar O2 high = arterioles dilate
alveolar O2 low = arterioles constrict
alveolar CO2 high = bronchioles dilate
alveolar CO2 low = bronchioles constrict

38
Q

internal respiration

A

involves gas exchange in body tissues
- partial pressures and diffusion gradients are reversed
-tissue po2 is always lower so oxygen moves from blood to tissues
- tissue pco2 is always higher than arterial blood so co2 moves from tissue to blood

39
Q

how is oxygen transported to the blood?

A

each hemoglobin can transport 4 oxygen molecules

40
Q

hemoglobin

A

found in a red blood cell
- carries oxygen

41
Q

which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs??

A

CO2 is bound to the globin part of hemoglobin

42
Q

hypoxia

A

inadequate O2 delivery to tissue

43
Q

what does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve tell us

A

temperature
blood pH
DPG
Pco2

44
Q

how is carbon dioxide transported into the blood

A

CO2 binds to the globin part of the hemoglobin reffered to carbaminohemoglobin

45
Q

bicarbonic ions

A

combining CO2 with water to form carbonic acid, which quickly dissociated into bicarbinate and H-

46
Q

respiratory centers in the medulla & pons

A

ventral respiratory group
- its inspiratory neurons excite inspiratory muscles via phrenic and intercostal nerves
dorsal respiratory group
- integrates input from peripheral stretch and chemoreceptors

47
Q

aortic & carotid bodies

A

peripheral chemoreceptors sense arterial O2 levels

48
Q

hypothalamic controls

A

act through limbic system to modify rate and depth of respiration

49
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

irreversible decrease in ability to force air out of lungs

50
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

mucosae of lower respiratory passageways become inflamed and fibrosed

51
Q

asthma

A

active inflammation of airways precedes bronchospasms

52
Q

tuberculosis

A

infectious disease cause by bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis that leads to tubercules in the lung diseases

53
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

abnormal, viscous mucus clogs passageways, which can lead to bacterial infections

54
Q

hyperventilation

A

increased depth and rate of breathing that exceeds bodys need to remove CO2

anatomy & physiology 2 (10 decks)

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