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Anatomy > Unit 4 - Spinal Cord and PNS > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Spinal Cord and PNS Flashcards

1
Q

What layer is each continuous with?
Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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2
Q

Where can you find cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)?

A

in the subarachnoid space, which is between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

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3
Q

What does endoneurium cover?

A

Covers individual nerve fibers

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4
Q

What does perineurium cover?

A

Covers a bundle (fascicle) of nerve fibers

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5
Q

What does epineurium cover?

A

Covers many bundles (fascicles) of nerve fibers

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6
Q

What are the different types of sensory receptors?

A

Chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors

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7
Q

What do chemoreceptors sense?

A

pH, taste, smell, metabolic concentrations

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8
Q

What do photoreceptors sense?

A

visual light (retinal visual receptors)

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9
Q

What do thermoreceptors sense?

A

temperature

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10
Q

What do mechanoreceptors sense?

A

physical deformation, touch, muscle length and tension, auditory, vestibular receptors (balance)

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11
Q

What do nociceptors sense?

A

pain

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12
Q

What is the main job of sensory receptors?

A

turn physical stimulus into an electrical signal

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13
Q

True or False?

Each sensory receptor has a receptive field. All receptive fields are the same size.

A

False - Receptive fields in the fingers are smaller than in the forearm, but the fingers have many more sensory receptors. This is how we can feel detail so well with our fingers

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14
Q

Muscles have free nerve endings and also have encapsulated receptors. What are the two types of encapsulated receptors?

A

Muscle spindles

Golgi tendon organs

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15
Q

What do muscle spindle receptors detect?

A

the length of a muscle

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16
Q

What do Golgi tendon organ receptors detect?

A

muscle tension

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17
Q

Term for caudal end of the spinal cord (L1-L2 region)

A

conus medullaris

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18
Q

Where are the two enlargements of the spinal cord located?

A 
cervical region (C5-T1)
lumbar region (L2-S3)
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19
Q

Why are there enlargements in the spinal cord in certain regions?

A

There are more motor neurons in these areas because of the upper and lower limbs

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20
Q

How many segments of the spinal cord are there and what are they?

A 
31-
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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21
Q

What structures make up a spinal nerve?

A

dorsal and ventral rootlets –> dorsal and ventral roots –> spinal nerve

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22
Q

How many dermatomes does each spinal nerve innervate?

A

one

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23
Q

Where are cell bodies of the sympathetic sensory neurons located?

A

dorsal root ganglion

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24
Q

Where do dorsal rootlets enter the spinal cord?

A

posterolateral sulcus

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25
Q

Where do ventral rootlets leave the spinal cord?

A

anterolateral sulcus

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26
Q

What dermatome does C1 innervate?

A

it does not innervate a dermatome because it has a rudimentary dorsal root

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27
Q

When sensory afferent nerve fibers enter the spinal cord through the posterior sulcus, where do they go next?

A

They can terminate at the posterior horn or ascend to the medulla oblongata

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28
Q

Rostral structures in the brain send descending fibers to act on the motor efferent neurons located where in the spinal cord?

A

anterior horn

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29
Q

Where on/near the spinal cord does the anterior spinal artery run?

A

anterior median fissure

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30
Q

What area of the brain do spinal tracts cross?

A

anterior white commissure

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31
Q

Is grey matter of the spinal cord internal or external?

A

internal

32
Q

When will the spinal cord have posterior intermediate sulci?

A

Above T6

33
Q

Where in the spinal cord are lateral horns present? What is found here?

A

thoracic region

sympathetics preganglionic fiber

34
Q

Where do pain and temperature neurons synapse?

A

substantia gelatinosa

35
Q

Where do fine myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers enter the spinal cord?

A

Lissaur’s tract

36
Q

What is Clarke’s nucleus and where do you find it?

A

collection of cell bodies in the intermediate grey matter

found from T1-L2

37
Q

What suspends the meninges?

A

dentate ligaments

38
Q

Name the structure that attaches the conus medullaris to the coccyx and the end of the dural sheath?

A

filum terminale

39
Q

What makes up the filum terminale?

A

pia and arachnoid mater

40
Q

What is cauda equia?

A

dorsal and ventral roots leaving the spinal cord

41
Q

What area do you find cauda equine?

A

lumbar cistern

42
Q

All reflexes involve interneurons except which type?

A

stretch reflexes

43
Q

Does sensory information from reflexes travel to the brain?

A

No, they can bypass the brain and go straight to the spinal cord

44
Q

True or False? Stretch reflexes are monosynaptic.

A

Yes, because they do not have interneurons

45
Q

What forms the anterior spinal artery?

A

vertebral arteries

46
Q

What area of the spinal cord does the anterior spinal artery run?

A

anterior median fissure

47
Q

If there is a blockage in the anterior spinal artery, what happens?

A

you can have a motor deficit

48
Q

What forms the posterior spinal arteries?

A

a branch of the vertebral artery or posterior inferior cerebellar artery

49
Q

Where does the posterior spinal artery run?

A

posterolateral sulcus

50
Q

Where does the posterior spinal artery stop?

A

thoracic region of the spinal cord

51
Q

What specific parts of the spinal cord does the anterior spinal artery supply?

A

anterior horns and maybe lateral funiculi

52
Q

What specific parts of the spinal cord does the posterior spinal artery supply?

A

posterior horns and dorsal column

53
Q

At what spinal cord level can you find the great radicular artery (artery of Adamkiewicz)?

A

T12, supplies the whole lumbosacral cord in some individuals

sometimes a branch from the left posterior intercostal artery

54
Q

What type of information does the posterior column medial lemniscus pathway carry?

A

two point touch, vibration, conscious proprioception

55
Q

Are the fibers in the posterior column medial lemniscus pathway myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

myelinated and they are located medially

56
Q

Where do the ascending fibers in the posterior column synapse and decussate to form the medial lemniscus part of the pathway?

A

in the medulla

57
Q

Where does the posterior lateral medial lemniscus pathway relay and terminate?

A

relays in VPL of the thalamus

and terminates in the post central gyrus

58
Q

How/Where are new fibers added as you ascend up the posterior column?

A

new fibers are added laterally

59
Q

Around what spinal cord level are fibers no longer added to the fasciculus gracilus (leg)?

A

T6 - this is where they begin to add to the fasciculus cuneatus (arm)

60
Q

What is ataxia?

A

a result of a posterior column lesion, uncoordinated movements because the brain cannot direct motor movements without feedback from the body

61
Q

What does the spinothalamic pathway sense?

A

pain and temperature

62
Q

Where does the spinothalamic pathway synapse after it enters the lateral side of posterior horn?

A

substantia gelatinosa

63
Q

Where does the spinothalamic pathway cross the midline?

A

It crosses the spinal cord as it ascends. takes 2 levels to completely cross

64
Q

Does the 2nd order neuron of the spinothalamic pathway synapse in the VPL of the thalamus?

A

yes

65
Q

The spinoreticular fibers also run through the anterolateral tract. What do they likely carry?

A

level of attention of pain response

66
Q

What information do spinomesencephalic fibers carry?

A

pain control mechanisms

67
Q

What information do spinohypothalamic fibers carry/

A

autonomic response to pain

68
Q

How to bowel, bladder pressure, and sexual sensations ascend?

A

bilaterally, so if there is a unilateral lesion, those functions can still take place

69
Q

Term for inability to feel pain.

A

analgesia

70
Q

What do doctors do to achieve analgesia in patients?

A

a contralateral cordotomy

71
Q

How are the posterior column media lemniscus and spinothalamic pathways organized?

A

somatotopically

72
Q

Where are feet and leg sensory going to on the sensory homunculus?

A

medially

73
Q

What are the spinocerebellar tracts and do they carry conscious or unconscious information?

A
  1. posterior spinocerebellar tract
  2. cuneocerebellar tract
  3. anterior spinocerebellar tract
    all unconscious information
74
Q

What type of information is the posterior spinocerebellar tract carrying?

A

unconscious proprioception from legs

75
Q

What spinal cord levels have a Clark’s nucleus?

A

T1-L2

Anatomy (8 decks)

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