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Anatomy > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define primordial germ cell

A

cells formed in early embryonic development and are precursors to oogonia and spermatogonia

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2
Q

How do cervical vertebrae differ from thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • smaller body
  • has a foramen transversarium
  • smaller spinous process that bifurcates at the tip
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3
Q

Which vertebrae does not have a body?

A

Atlas (C1)

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4
Q

Which vertebra has the most prominent spinous process of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Vertebra prominens (C7)

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5
Q

What is a characteristic of the Axis (C2) vertebra?

A

It has dens = which is the “body” of C1 that has fused to C2 during development.

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6
Q

What are some characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • Large body
  • broad spinous process
  • no transverse costal facets for ribs to connect
  • spines of lumbar vertebrae do not overlap like in thoracic vertebrae
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7
Q

What are characteristics of the sacrum?

A

It is 5 fused vertebrae with no spines and no transverse processes
The intervertebral foramena are anterior/posterior related rather than medial/lateral

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8
Q

Describe the coccyx

A
  • Small triangular bone

- formed from 4 fused rudimentary coccygeal vertebrae

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9
Q

What bones form the orbital margin?

A

zygomatic, frontal, maxillary, lacrimal

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10
Q

Which bones make up the Pterion?

A

junction of the frontal bone, parietal bone, greater wing of the sphenoid bone, and squamous part of temporal bone

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11
Q

What is the nasion?

A

junction between frontal and nasal bones

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12
Q

What bones make up the orbital walls?

A

ethmoid, lacrimal, maxilla, frontal, sphenoid, zygoma, palatine

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13
Q

What is rostral?

A

toward the nose

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14
Q

What is pronation?

A

Arms/hands rotate medially so palms face posteriorly

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15
Q

What is supination?

A

Arms/hands rotate laterally so palms face anteriorly

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16
Q

Name the different types of joints

A

Synovial
Immovable -cartilaginous
-fibrous

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17
Q

What is an example of a fibrous joint?

A

sutures in the skull

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18
Q

What is an example of a cartilaginous joint?

A

Pelvis-syphysis

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19
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

to reduce the number of chromosomes

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20
Q

During what week of gestation are primordial germ cells formed?

A

During week 2

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21
Q

During week 4, primordial germ cells are migrating towards the forming gonads. They arrive by week 5. During migration, what is occurring?

A

mitosis of the embryo

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22
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23
22- autosomal pairs
1 -sex chromosomes

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23
Q

Why is meiosis important sexual reproduction?

A

It reduces the number of chromosomes so we get a haploid cell. Any additional information from chromosomes can cause defects

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24
Q

What restores the diploid number?

A

Fertilization

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25
Q

When does the oocyte go through second meiosis?

A

After fertilization

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26
Q

What are the final products from meiosis of spermatocyte and oocyte?

A

The spermatocyte results in 4 identical sperm

The oocyte results in 1 egg cell and 3 polar bodies (before fertilization it results in 1 egg and 1 polar body)

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27
Q

Define Oogenesis

A

Transformation of primordial germ cells into mature oocytes

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28
Q

What occurs during the first stage of oogenesis?

A

Primordial germ cells are transformed into primary oocytes. This occurs before birth

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29
Q

What occurs during the second stage of oogenesis?

A

Primary oocytes are transformed into mature oocytes.

This occurs during puberty

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30
Q

What artery runs through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae?

A

vertebral artery

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31
Q

List the three fibrous joints of the body

A

Sutures in the skull
gomphosis of the teeth
interosseous membrane in the forearm

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32
Q

List three cartilaginous joints in the body

A

synchondrosis in the growth plate of bones
pubic symphysis
intervertebral discs

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33
Q

What type of cells support the primary oocyte?

A

follicle cells

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34
Q

What is the second protective layer of the primary oocyte?

A

zona pellucida - glycoprotein - plays a key roll in the ability for sperm to penetrate egg

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35
Q

What cells are responsible for the arrest in prophase of primary oocytes?

A

follicular cells

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36
Q

When does the secondary/mature oocyte begin meiosis II and at what phase does it hault again?

A

It begins during ovulation and haults at metaphase II until/if fertilization occurs.

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37
Q

Define spermatogenesis

A

primordial germ cells transforming to mature sperm

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38
Q

When do spermatocytes begin to mature?

A

At puberty

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39
Q

What is the next step in sperm development after second meiosis?

A

Sperm are still not ready to participate in fertilization. They need to undergo spermiogenesis.

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40
Q

Define spermiogenesis

A

morphological differentiation of spermatids

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41
Q

Name 4 morphological changes that occur to spermatids.

A

elongation
loss of cytoplasm
tail formation
acrosome develops

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42
Q

Do sperm have support cells? If so, what are they called?

A

Yes, sertoli cells

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43
Q

What is contained within the acrosome?

A

Enzymes important for fertilization

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44
Q

What does Gonadotropin-releasing (GnRH) hormone do?

A

Stimulates secretion of FSH and LH

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45
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do?

A

drives follicular cell growth

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46
Q

What does luteinizing hormone (LH) do?

A 
stimulates oocyte maturation (ovulation)
stimulates p4 (Progesterone) production in follicle cells to later cause their rupture and ovulation
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47
Q

List some characteristics of the first week of development

A 
fertilization
rapid cell division
compaction
initial differentiation
implantation
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48
Q

What hormones are secreted by follicular cells to cause thickening of the uterine walls?

A

Progesterone (P4) and Estrogen (E)

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49
Q

Which support cell structures are associated with the oocyte during ovulation?

A

Corona radiata - carried with the oocyte

Corpus luteum - left behind to secrete progesterone and estrogen

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50
Q

Where in the female body does fertilization occur?

A

The ampulla of the fallopian tube

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51
Q

What are the phases of fertilization?

A 
penetration of the corona radiata
penetration of zona pellucida
Zona penetration causes a reaction that makes the oocyte membrane impenetrable
fusion of oocyte and sperm
completion of oocyte second meiosis
restoration of diploidy
zygote enters two cell stage
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52
Q

what is a morula?

A

a fertilized egg that has formed into 16 cells

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53
Q

What will the inner cells of the morula form?

A

embryo proper tissues

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54
Q

What will the mass of outer cells of the morula form?

A

support structures

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55
Q

When does the fertilized egg become a blastocyst?

A

When it enters the uterine cavity and the zona pellucida is flooded with a fluid, creating a cavity know as a blastocele

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56
Q

Term used for inner layer cells of the blastocyst

A

embryoblast

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57
Q

Term used for outer layer cells of the blastocyst

A

Trophoblast

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58
Q

Once the blastocyst is formed what happens to the zona pellucida?

A

it disappears so implantation can occur

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59
Q

If fertilization occurs what happens with the trophoblasts?

A

They approximate with the cells of the uterine wall and begin to penetrate
(implantation)

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60
Q

How many days after fertilization is implantation completed?

A

10 days

61
Q

What two cells do trophoblasts differentiate to?

A

Cytotrophoblasts

Syncytiotrophoblasts

62
Q

Cytotrophoblasts

A

mitotic mononuclear cells

migrate to become syncytiotrophoblasts

63
Q

Syncytiotrophoblasts

A

multinucleated with no cell membrane
responsible for erosion into endometrium
produces HCG to preserve corpus luteum activity

64
Q

After implantation, the embryoblasts take up fluid into the amnion and create the amniotic cavity. What cells line this cavity?

A

Amnioblasts

65
Q

What two cells differentiate from embryoblasts?

A

Epiblasts (columnar cells) and Hypoblasts (cubodial cells)

66
Q

What happens around day 11/12 of embryonic development?

A

The blastocyst is completely embedded into the endometrium

67
Q

Around what day does the bi-laminar disc develop?

A

10-11, very critical time in development

68
Q

What happens when the syncytiotrophoblasts penetrate sinusoids of the mother?

A

maternal and embryo blood mix

uteroplacental circulation

69
Q

Exocoelomic membrane

A

lines inner surface of cytotrophoblasts

70
Q

What forms the primitive yolk sac?

A

hypoblasts and exocoelomic membrane

71
Q

What is the purpose of the yolk sac?

A

Provide nourishment for the developing embryo

72
Q

What fills the space between the trophoblasts and amnion/exocoelomic cavity?

A

extraembryonic mesoderm

73
Q

What forms within the extraembryonic mesoderm?

A

chorionic cavity (extraembryonic cavity)

74
Q

What does the extraembryonic mesoderm differentiate into?

A

somatic and sphlanchnic tissues

75
Q

What does the somatic tissue layer do?

A

lines and supports cytotrophoblasts and amnion

76
Q

What does the sphlanchnic tissue layer do?

A

lines and supports the yolk sac

77
Q

What will the primary villi formed from the trophoblasts communicate with?

A

amnion/ chorionic cavity

78
Q

How is the secondary/definitive yolk sac formed?

A

Hypoblasts produce cells that migrate along the exoceolomic membrane and form a new cavity

79
Q

What does the connecting stalk give rise to?

A

umbilical cord

80
Q

During week two what happens to the definitive yolk sac?

A

It is almost completely separated from the endometrial wall

81
Q

What is the new term for the somatic layer of the extraembryonic membrane after week two?

A

chorionic plate

82
Q

Where and when does the primitive streak form?

A

Week 3 in the upper layer of the bilaminar disc - so it is like a midline developing on the epiblasts

83
Q

What does the primitive streak establish?

A

the body axis

84
Q

What does the primitive streak become?

A

the site for gastrulation

85
Q

As the primitive streak deepens, it becomes the…?

A

primitive groove

86
Q

What occurs during invagination of the primitive streak?

A

cells from the epiblast detach and move below that upper layer

87
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

transformation of the embryo from a bilaminar disc to a trilaminar disc

88
Q

What does the notocord give rise to?

A

neural tube - becoming the axial skeleton

89
Q

What germ layers make up the oropharyngeal and cloacal membranes?

A

Tightly adhered ectoderm to endoderm

90
Q

What does the mesoderm differentiate into?

A

paraxial mesoderm
intermediate mesoderm
lateral mesoderm

91
Q

When does the primitive streak disappear?

A

week 4 - cell migration slows down during this time

92
Q

Which direction does development occur?

A

in a cephalocaudal fashion

93
Q

When do secondary villi form?

A

When the mesoderm cells penetrate the villi and grow

94
Q

What do mesodermal cells in the villus differentiate into?

A

blood cells and blood vessels (forms the villus capillary system

95
Q

Definitive placental villus

A

new term for the villus once mesodermal cells penetrate and form the villus capillary system

96
Q

List characteristics of a synovial joint

A

hyaline cartilage, articular capsule, articular fluid

synovial fluid

97
Q

What is the purpose of synovial fluid?

A

to cushion and nourish the joint

98
Q

What embryological tissue do bones come from?

A

mesenchyme

99
Q

Where does mesenchyme come from?

A

neural crest cells or mesoderm

100
Q

What are the two pathways for bone formation?

A

intramembranous ossification or endochondral ossification

101
Q

calvaria

A

upper dome of the skull

102
Q

what makes up the vertebral column?

A

cervical vertebrae all the way down to the sacrum

103
Q

What type of vertebrae have a primary curve?

A

thoracic and sacral

104
Q

What type of vertebrae have a secondary curvature?

A

cervical and lumbar

105
Q

Why are there secondary and primary curvatures of the vertebrae?

A

to bring the center of gravity into a central vertical line

106
Q

What is the purpose of the vertebral body?

A

bear weight (increases in size from C2 to L5)

107
Q

Which vertebra has the largest vertebral body?

A

L5

108
Q

What goes through the vertebral foramen/canal?

A

spinal cord, spinal membranes, vasculature, proximal portions of spinal nerves, connective tissue, and fat

109
Q

What connects the vertebral arch to the vertebral body?

A

pedicles

110
Q

What structures form the roof of the vertebral arch?

A

laminae

111
Q

What is the purpose of the vertebral arch?

A

protect the spinal cord

112
Q

Whats the purpose of the superior and inferior articular processes?

A

restrict movement

113
Q

What is the purpose of the transverse and spinous processes?

A

muscle attachment

114
Q

Valsalva maneuver

A

holding breath and increasing intra-abdominal pressure

115
Q

What lines the abdominal cavity wall?

A

Parietal peritoneum

116
Q

What lines the organs within the abdominal cavity?

A

visceral peritoneum

117
Q

what is the mesentary?

A

tissue that connects the organs within the abdominal cavity to the posterior wall

118
Q

Where are retroperitoneal structures found?

A

in between the parietal peritoneum and the abdominal wall

119
Q

Where are intraperitoneal structures found?

A

suspended in the mesentary

120
Q

What lines the thoracic cavity

A

pleura

121
Q

visceral cranium

A

face portion of the skull

122
Q

What makes up thecardiovascular system?

A

heart and arteries/veins

123
Q

What connects artery supply with venous drainage?

A

capillry beds

124
Q

What are the three circulation systems within the cardiovascular system?

A

systemic circulation
cardiac circulation
pulmonary circulation

125
Q

What are some main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

transport nutrients, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, wastes, hormones

126
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

membranous portion between two parts of an organ or between two body cavities

127
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the thoracic region/ the mediastinum of the lungs

128
Q

What is the sternal angle?

A

Where rib two correlates with the sternum

129
Q

More specifically, where is the top of the heart located?

A

2nd intercostal space on the left side of the sternum and the 3rd intercostal space on the right side of the sternum

130
Q

Where is the inferior portion of the heart found?

A

sitting on the diaphragm

131
Q

Where is the apex of the heart located?

A

5th intercostal space

132
Q

Systole

A

when the heart contracts

133
Q

diastole

A

when the heart dilates/fills/rests

134
Q

atrial diastole

A

filling of the atria with blood

135
Q

ventricular diastole

A

filling of the ventricles with blood

136
Q

What part of the heart do you hear the heartbeat the strongest?

A

Apex of the heart

137
Q

What happens in the capillary beds

A

gas exchange and hormone transfer

138
Q

Where would you hear the tricuspid valve?

A

left sternal margin of the 5th intercostal space

139
Q

Where would you hear the mitral valve?

A

left 5th intercostal space, midclavicular

140
Q

Where would you hear the pulmonary valve?

A

Left sternal margin of the 2nd intercostal space

141
Q

Where would you hear the aortic valve?

A

right sternal margin of the 2nd intercostal space

142
Q

What are the three layers of the tunica interna?

A

endothelium, basal lamina, subendothelial layer

143
Q

What are the three layers of a blood vessel wall?

A

tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa

144
Q

What layer of the blood vessel wall would have vasa vasorum and nervi vascularis?

A

tunica externa

145
Q

What is the thickest layer in an artery wall?

A

tunica media

146
Q

What is the thickest layer in a vein?

A

tunica externa

147
Q

What are the 4 types of arteries?

A

conducting arteries, muscular arteries, small arteries, arterioles

148
Q

what are the 4 types of veins?

A

venules, small, medium, and large veins

Anatomy (8 decks)

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