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Anatomy > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What bones make up the pelvic girdle?

A

right and left pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx

note sacrum and coccyx are part of axial skeleton

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2
Q

What makes up the false/greater pelvis?

A

area above the pelvic inlet

lower abdomen viscera

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3
Q

What makes up the true/lesser pelvis?

A

area below the pelvic inlet

pelvic viscera

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4
Q

What three bones fuse to form each pelvic bone/ os coxa?

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

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5
Q

What are the external organs/structures of the female reproductive system?

A

mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal orifice, and external urethra orifice

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6
Q

What are the internal organs/structures of the female reproductive system?

A

vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, supporting ligaments and its associated structures

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7
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the female gonads (ovaries)?

A

produce estrogen and progesterone

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8
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the female gonads?

A

Produce the female gamete (the ovum)

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9
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A

preparing the internal organs for pregnancy
specifically uterus and endometrium
also prepares the mammary glands for lactation

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10
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A

preparing the internal organs for pregnancy
specifically uterus —> endometrium
also prepares the mammary glands for lactation

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11
Q

What is the term for the dense connective tissue capsule that surrounds the ovary?

A

tunica albuginea

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12
Q

What term is used for the outer most edge of the cortex in the ovary?

A

Ovarian Surface Epithelium (does not give rise to ova)

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13
Q

What phase of meiosis does the primary oocyte arrest in at birth?

A

prophase of meiosis I

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14
Q

What type of supporting cells surround the primary oocyte?

A

follicular cells –> forming the primordial follicle

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15
Q

How do cells become a primary oocyte?

A

primordial germ cells undergo mitotic division and become oogonia. Oogonia also undergo mitotic division and halt at prophase of meiosis I. Thus, you get the primary oocyte.

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16
Q

Define atresia.

A

spontaneous death and subsequent reabsorption of primary oocytes

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17
Q

How many oocytes are within a fetus?
At birth?
at puberty?
ovulated as an adult?

A

5 million
600 - 800K at birth
300K at puberty
350 - 400 ovulated

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18
Q

What type of cell morphology makes up the ovarian surface epithelium?

A

simple columnar to simple cuboidal

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19
Q

Where do you typically find an primordial follicle in a histology slide of the ovary?

A

just under the tunica albuginea

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20
Q

What cells make up the epithelium of a primordial follicle?

A

simple squamous layer of follicular cells

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21
Q

What cells make up the primary follicle?

A

simple cuboidal layer of follicular cells

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22
Q

What is the term for the connective tissue sheath that develops from the stromal cells of a follicle and lies just external to the basal lamina?

A

theca folliculi

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23
Q

What are the two parts to the theca folliculi?

A

theca external and theca interna

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24
Q

What are morphological characteristics of the theca externa?

A

fibrous outer layer, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and bundles of collagen

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25
Q

What are androgens?

A

precursors of estrogen

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26
Q

What synthesizes and secretes androgens?

A

theca interna secretory cells

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27
Q

What are morphological characteristics of the theca internal?

A

cuboidal cells, synthesize and secrete androgens in response to lutenizing hormone, fibroblasts, bundles of collagen, AND vascularized

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28
Q

How can you identify a stromal cell surrounding a secondary follicle?

A

they have lipid droplets within them

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29
Q

In the graafian follicle, what projects the oocyte into the antrum?

A

cumulus oophorus (mass of granulosa cells)

30
Q

What is the layer of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte within the antrum?

A

corona radiata

31
Q

What hormone causes rupture of the follicle during ovulation?

A

luteinizing hormone

32
Q

When does the oocyte begin meiosis again?

A

just before ovulation

33
Q

What cells produce progestrone in the corpus luteum?

A

granulosa lutein cells

34
Q

What cells in the corpus luteum produce estrogen?

A

theca lutein cells

35
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum when pregnancy occurs? When it does not occur?

A

It will continue to produce progesterone and estrogen until the placenta takes over.
It will envolute and become the corpus albicans

36
Q

What tissue makes up the corpus albicans?

A

dense connective tissue (white scar tissue)

37
Q

What develops from the ruptured graffian follicle immediately after ovulation?

A

corpus hemorrhagicum

38
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

ampulla of the fallopian tube

39
Q

What cellularization makes up the wall of the fallopian tube?

A

folded mucosa layer with simple columnar epithelium, thick muscularis layer, serosa

40
Q

What two cell types are found within the fallopian tube?

A 
ciliated cells - help move the oocyte towards the uterus
secretory cells (peg cells) - produce nutritive fluid covering the epithelium
41
Q

List the three layers of the uterus from outer to inner most.

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

42
Q

Describe the perimetrium of the uterus

A

outermost layer

can either be adventitia or serosa

43
Q

Describe the myometrium of the uterus.

A

middle layer

made up of smooth muscle, glands, and a lot of vasculature

44
Q

Describe the endometrium of the uterus.

A

innermost layer
has two layers of its own (stratum basale and stratum functionale layers)
has two main blood supplies (basal and spiral)

45
Q

Describe the arteriole blood flow of the endometrium.

A

uterine artery, arcuate arteries, radial arteries, 1.basal straight arteries, 2.spiral arteries, network capillaries, venous lakes, efferent veins

46
Q

What happens to the spiral arteries when the endometrium is lost?

A

When the functional layer is lost during the menstrural cycle, the spiral arteries degenerate and will regenerate.

47
Q

Describe the epithelium of the endometrium.

A

simple columnar epithelium with ciliated and secretory cells.

48
Q

What hormone influences the thickness of the stratum functionale?

A

ovarian hormone

49
Q

Is the endometrium shed in the cervix region of the uterus?

A

no, thus there are no spiral arteries

50
Q

What type of branched glands are found in the cervix?

A

branched cervical glands - increase 10 fold in mucous production mid-cycle

51
Q

What is the transition site from the cervix to the vagina?

A

squamocolumnar junction

52
Q

What type of cells make up the ectocervix and vagina?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

53
Q

What layers make up the vagina?

A

mucosa, muscularis layer, adventitia

54
Q

What two muscles make up the muscularis layer of the vagina?

A

inner circular layer of smooth muscle and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

55
Q

What is the lactating portion of the mammary gland?

A

tubuloaveolar apocrine sweat gland

56
Q

What is optimal temperature for sperm production in the testes?

A

34 degrees Celcius

57
Q

What is the endocrine function of the testes?

A

produce testosterone

58
Q

What is the exocrine function of the testes?

A

production and secretion of spermatoza

59
Q

What cells are responsible for the endocrine function of the testes?

A

Leydig cells

60
Q

Where can you find seminiferous tubules?

A

throughout the testes

61
Q

What two cells types are found in the seminiferous tubules?

A

sertoli cells - supportive cells for maturing spermatocytes

germ cells - sperm

62
Q

What course do sperm take to when exiting the testes?

A

seminiferous tubules, tubuli recti, rete testes, efferent ductules flowing through the head, body, and tail of the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts in prostate gland, urethera

63
Q

Where are Leydig cells found?

A

interstitial tissues of the testes, they are eosinophilic (SER), adjacent with capillaries

64
Q

What is the epithelium of seminiferous tubules?

A

complex stratified epithelium

65
Q

What are the phases of sperm formation?

A

1) Spermatogonial phase (mitosis)
2) Spermatocyte phase (meiosis)
a. primary spermatocytes
b. secondary spermatocytes
3) Spermiogenesis

66
Q

What type of cells like the tubuli recti?

A

sertoli cells

67
Q

What glands contribute to producing the medium sperm travel in?

A

prostate gland
seminal vesicles
bulbourethral gland

68
Q

What are the dorsal paired cylinders of the penis?

A

corpora cavernosa

69
Q

What is the ventral cylinder of the penis?

A

corpus spongiosum

70
Q

What are some sexual dimorphic characteristics of the female pelvis?

A

oval pelvic brim, wider pubic arch, flared ala of ilium
shorter pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities are farther apart, sacrum is shorter and less curved, obturator foramen is oval as opposed to round, acetabulum is small

Anatomy (8 decks)

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