Unit 4 Spain + Portugal Ii Flashcards
Mit’a system (inca)
-First used by the Inca Empire
-Labor system as a form of tribute
-Workers were generally compensated with food, shelter, and protection from the government
-The elderly, sick, and children were exempted
Mit’a system (Spain)
-Forced indigenous people to work in mines
-Silver mines made the Spanish Empire very rich
-Led to devastating population loss
-Economic Exploitation/Cultural Disruption
-Led to the expansion of mining technologies and the growth of global silver trade
Encomienda
-Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain
-Criollos: born in New Spain of Spanish parents
-Mestizos: Mixed of Spanish/Native American Indian parents
-Native American Indians
-Enslaved people
Bartolomé de las Casas
-Came with Columbus
-Originally came to the New World for glory/riches
-Slowly gained sympathy for the Natives
-Advocated for the protection of the Natives
-Wanted a chance for the Natives to be saved religiously
-Controversial over his views of slavery
Atlantic Slave Trade
-Slavery was profitable for both sides
-Africa collapsed when slavery was abolished
-Most slaves were men
-Indentured servants could not replace the slave force
Cash crops
crops grown for profit rather than personal consumption
Examples: Sugarcane, tobacco, cotton
Macau
-Portuguese colony
-Still heavily influenced by portugal
-Speak portuguese
-Returned to China in 1990’s
-Let to diversity and economic gain for China
Hernan Cortes
-Spanish conquistador who sought glory/gold for himself and his men
-Arrived in Tenochtitlan
-The Aztecs thought he was a god
-Wanted to convert the Aztecs
-Unifies the enemies of the Aztecs to attack them
Silver
-China trades with silver
-Spain owns a lot of silver and stores it in the Philippines
-China trades with the Philippines
-Christopher Columbus causes inflation from the massive influx of gold and silver from his voyages
Disease (Aztecs)
-Smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, yellow fever
-Some areas lost 90-100% of their population
-Lack of domesticated animals meant that indigenous populations did not have exposure to disease
Pizarro
-Inspired by Hernan Cortes
-Explores the unexplored South America
-Conquered the Inca Empire despite being ridiculously outnumbered
-Used the mit’a system to force the Incas to mine silver
Potosi
The largest South American silver mine
Viceroys
-Ruled land or colonies on behalf of the king/queen
-Had to follow what the king/queen ordered them
-First seen used by Spain/Portugal in Mexico/Peru
Dar al-Islam in Spain and Portugal
-In 711, Muslim Arabs and berbers crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to the Iberian Peninsula
-Muslims called the Iberian lands they controlled al-Andalus
Convivencia
“Coexistence”; tolerance and cultural blending among Christians, Muslims, and Jews
Antisemitism against Jewish
-Faced state-sanctioned prejudice since the Roman Empire
-Were scapegoats during the Black Death
Blood libel
-The false belief that Jews used human blood in their religious rituals
-Jews were tortured/killed off of false claims
-Accusations were focused on the Jewish holiday of Passover
-It was believed that they used children’s flesh to create Matzoh
William Shakespeare
-Had blood libel and stereotypes in his plays
-The Merchant of Venice included a Jewish Debt collector
Sin of usury
-Charging people too much interest when they borrow money.
-Considered a sin as it takes advantage of people who may already be struggling.
Sephardic Judaism
-Spanish Jews who were forced to convert to Catholicism or face expulsion from Spain after 1492.
-100-300k Spanish Jews left Spain
-Many settled in the Ottoman Empire
Conversos
Jews who converted to Catholicism under pressure of expulsion or violence.
Moriscos
Muslims who converted to Catholicism under pressure of expulsion or violence.
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
-Married in 1469
-Created the union of castile and Aragon → Spain
-The “Catholic monarchs”
Colombian Exchange
-Transfer of diseases vectors
-Staple crops into Afro-Eurasia
-Horses, pigs, cattle, and chicken from the old world
-Okra and rice brought by enslaved
Qing Dynasty + Colombian Exchange
-Increase in agriculture
-Rice, wheat, millet
-Maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts
-Increase in population
Outcomes of the Colombian exchange
-Western Europeans had the most rewards
-The wealth of the colonies provided foundations for Europe’s Industrial Revolution
-Colonies provided a place for the rapidly growing population of European societies
-Change in balance of power
Effects of the Columbian Exchange on the Old World
-Increased population throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa
-Divided populations and increased trade
-Increased cultivation of farmland and private property
-Increased use of rural areas
