Unit 4 Spain + Portugal Ii

Question 1

Mit’a system (inca)

Answer 1

-First used by the Inca Empire
-Labor system as a form of tribute
-Workers were generally compensated with food, shelter, and protection from the government
-The elderly, sick, and children were exempted

Question 2

Mit’a system (Spain)

Answer 2

-Forced indigenous people to work in mines
-Silver mines made the Spanish Empire very rich
-Led to devastating population loss
-Economic Exploitation/Cultural Disruption
-Led to the expansion of mining technologies and the growth of global silver trade

Question 3

Encomienda

Answer 3

-Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain
-Criollos: born in New Spain of Spanish parents
-Mestizos: Mixed of Spanish/Native American Indian parents
-Native American Indians
-Enslaved people

Question 4

Bartolomé de las Casas

Answer 4

-Came with Columbus
-Originally came to the New World for glory/riches
-Slowly gained sympathy for the Natives
-Advocated for the protection of the Natives
-Wanted a chance for the Natives to be saved religiously
-Controversial over his views of slavery

Question 5

Atlantic Slave Trade

Answer 5

-Slavery was profitable for both sides
-Africa collapsed when slavery was abolished
-Most slaves were men
-Indentured servants could not replace the slave force

Question 6

Cash crops

Answer 6

crops grown for profit rather than personal consumption
Examples: Sugarcane, tobacco, cotton

Question 7

Macau

Answer 7

-Portuguese colony
-Still heavily influenced by portugal
-Speak portuguese
-Returned to China in 1990’s
-Let to diversity and economic gain for China

Question 8

Hernan Cortes

Answer 8

-Spanish conquistador who sought glory/gold for himself and his men
-Arrived in Tenochtitlan
-The Aztecs thought he was a god
-Wanted to convert the Aztecs
-Unifies the enemies of the Aztecs to attack them

Question 9

Silver

Answer 9

-China trades with silver
-Spain owns a lot of silver and stores it in the Philippines
-China trades with the Philippines
-Christopher Columbus causes inflation from the massive influx of gold and silver from his voyages

Question 10

Disease (Aztecs)

Answer 10

-Smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, yellow fever
-Some areas lost 90-100% of their population
-Lack of domesticated animals meant that indigenous populations did not have exposure to disease

Question 11

Pizarro

Answer 11

-Inspired by Hernan Cortes
-Explores the unexplored South America
-Conquered the Inca Empire despite being ridiculously outnumbered
-Used the mit’a system to force the Incas to mine silver

Question 12

Potosi

Answer 12

The largest South American silver mine

Question 13

Viceroys

Answer 13

-Ruled land or colonies on behalf of the king/queen
-Had to follow what the king/queen ordered them
-First seen used by Spain/Portugal in Mexico/Peru

Question 14

Dar al-Islam in Spain and Portugal

Answer 14

-In 711, Muslim Arabs and berbers crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to the Iberian Peninsula
-Muslims called the Iberian lands they controlled al-Andalus

Question 15

Convivencia

Answer 15

“Coexistence”; tolerance and cultural blending among Christians, Muslims, and Jews

Question 16

Antisemitism against Jewish

Answer 16

-Faced state-sanctioned prejudice since the Roman Empire
-Were scapegoats during the Black Death

Question 17

Blood libel

Answer 17

-The false belief that Jews used human blood in their religious rituals
-Jews were tortured/killed off of false claims
-Accusations were focused on the Jewish holiday of Passover
-It was believed that they used children’s flesh to create Matzoh

Question 18

William Shakespeare

Answer 18

-Had blood libel and stereotypes in his plays
-The Merchant of Venice included a Jewish Debt collector

Question 19

Sin of usury

Answer 19

-Charging people too much interest when they borrow money.
-Considered a sin as it takes advantage of people who may already be struggling.

Question 20

Sephardic Judaism

Answer 20

-Spanish Jews who were forced to convert to Catholicism or face expulsion from Spain after 1492.
-100-300k Spanish Jews left Spain
-Many settled in the Ottoman Empire

Question 21

Conversos

Answer 21

Jews who converted to Catholicism under pressure of expulsion or violence.

Question 22

Moriscos

Answer 22

Muslims who converted to Catholicism under pressure of expulsion or violence.

Question 23

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile

Answer 23

-Married in 1469
-Created the union of castile and Aragon → Spain
-The “Catholic monarchs”

Question 24

Colombian Exchange

Answer 24

-Transfer of diseases vectors
-Staple crops into Afro-Eurasia
-Horses, pigs, cattle, and chicken from the old world
-Okra and rice brought by enslaved

Question 25

Qing Dynasty + Colombian Exchange

Answer 25

-Increase in agriculture
-Rice, wheat, millet
-Maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts
-Increase in population

Question 26

Outcomes of the Colombian exchange

Answer 26

-Western Europeans had the most rewards
-The wealth of the colonies provided foundations for Europe’s Industrial Revolution
-Colonies provided a place for the rapidly growing population of European societies
-Change in balance of power

Question 27

Effects of the Columbian Exchange on the Old World

Answer 27

-Increased population throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa
-Divided populations and increased trade
-Increased cultivation of farmland and private property
-Increased use of rural areas