Unit 4 Solutions and Gases Flashcards
What are the two parts of a solution?
solute and solvent
Define solute
The substance in lesser quantity
Define solvent
The substance in greater quantity
What is solvation?
When the solvent surround the solute particles
Define homogenous solution
A solution where the solute particles are distributed evenly throughout the solvent
What is ionization or dissociation?
When an ionic bond breaks to form ions in a solution
Define solubility
When a substance dissolves in water at a given temperature
When will a precipitate form?
When a substance has low solubility
What are the different ways to write a chemical equation?
- Word equations
- Chemical equations
- Ionic equations
- Net ionic equations
What is a spectator ion?
An ion that is the same (including state of matter) on the product and the reactant side
Define concentration
The amount a solute is able to dissolve in a solvent
Define unsaturated
More solute may dissolve at the given temperature
Define saturated
No more solute may dissolve at the given temperature
Define miscible
no limit for dissolving
Define immiscible
no dissolving will occur
What is the symbol for molarity and does molatiry represent?
Symbol : M
moles of solute per liter of solution (mol/L or mol dm^-3)
What is the formula for concentration/molarity and what do the variables represent?
C = n/V
C is concentration
n is moles
V is volume
How do you determine the ionic concentration?
Multiply the coefficient of the disassociated ion by the molarity
What are the steps in preparing a solution?
1) Determine the mass of the solute needed
2) Add the correct mass of the solute needed to the volumetric flask
3) Add some solvent and swirl the dissolve solute
4) Add more solvent and mix
5) Top up the flask until the meniscus is ate the flask’s etch mark
6) Cover and invert (by tilting upside down) several times to mix thoroughly to make the solution homogenous
What is the formula for the dilution of solutions?
C1 V1 = C2 V2
1 is initial, 2 is final
How do you find the solution stoichiometry?
1) Balance chemical equation
2) Determine the number of moles for the substance whose quantity is given
3) Identify the substance you are required to find the quantity for and determine the mole ratio from the coefficients (ratio is - “given value : required value”)
4) Convert the moles of the required substance into the units needed
What does the Kinetic Theory assume?
- All matter is made of small particles
- All particles are in constant motion
- All collisions are elastic (the kinetic energy before and after the collision are the same)
What is an ideal gas?
A gas where there are no intermolecular forces
What does IMF stand for?
Intermolecular force
Define diffusion?
The mixing of a solution without stirring
What factors influence the rate of diffusion of a gas?
Average kinetic energy of particles
- increase energy yields increase speed and rate
Mass of Particles
- increase mass yields decrease speed and rate
What are the situations for pressure?
Pressure:
- inside a container
- in the atmosphere
What instrument is used to measure pressure?
Barometer
What invented the Barometer?
Torricelli
What units may pressure be measured in?
- kiloPascal (kPa)
- atmosphere (atm)
- torr (torr)
What atmospheric value do all the units of pressure equal the same?
101.3 kPa = 1 atm = 760 torr
What is absolute zero?
The temperature is low enough to stop the motion of particles (occurs near -273.15°C)
How do you convert from Kelvin to Celsius and visa versa?
C + 273 = K
K - 273 = C
What is temperature?
The average kinetic energy of particles
Define vapour pressure
Is the pressure of a gas when a substance evaporates
When does boiling point occur?
When vapour pressure equals atmospheric pressure
What is the formula for pressure of an ideal gas and what do the variables represent?
P = nRT / V
P is pressure in kPa n is moles of any gas R is 8.31 JK^-1 mol^-1 T is temperature in Kelvin V is volume in Liters
What is the combined gas law formula?
P1 V1 / T1 = P2 V2 / T2
1 is initial, 2 is final
How do you find the total pressure of a mixture of gases?
P total = P1 + P2 + P3 + …
How do you find the pressure of an individual gas in a mixture of gases?
P1 = Ptotal (n1/n total moles of all gases)
How do you find the total pressure with only a gas and water?
Ptotal = Pgas + Pwater
