Unit 4 - Sex Hormones, Differentiation, & Menstruation

Question 1

what is pompoir?

Answer 1

Sexual technique where you can use vaginal muscles to stimulate a penis using pelvic floor muscles

Question 2

Is tubal ligation reversible?

Answer 2

• Cutting of fallopian tubes
• Possible to reverse BUT most cannot be reversed

Question 3

What is a sex phobia? How does it develop?

Answer 3

Erotiphobia (Fear of sexual touch, intercourse, sex scenes or nudity in movies) sometimes response to abuse, other times– not

Question 4

How do you treat it? (erotiphobia?)

Answer 4

CBT (consistent for anything involving anxieties and phobias)
- Cognitive: exploring beliefs and thinking patterns regarding sexuality
- Behaviour: exposure therapy, create hierarchy of challenges for individual to move through

Question 5

hormones produced by the hypothalamus? (controls pituitary)

Answer 5

gonadotropin releasing hormone (Gn-RH) (the four Fs)

Question 6

hormones produced by the pituitary?

Answer 6

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) + luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 7

hormones produced by the gonads?

Answer 7

steroids (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)

Question 8

hormones produced by the adrenal glands?

Answer 8

estrogen & testosterone

Question 9

FSH? (pituitary)

Answer 9

F: maturation of ovarian follicles

M: growth of sperm cells

Question 10

LH (pituitary)

Answer 10

F: ovulation, development of corpus luteum

M: production of testosterone

Question 11

Testosterone

Answer 11

• Development and maintenance of masculine physical characteristics
• Maintaining genitals and ability to
  produce sperm
• Growth of bone and muscle

Question 12

what decreases testosterone?

Answer 12

stress! (cortisol)

Question 13

andropause?

Answer 13

reduction in testosterone because of age

Question 14

estrogen (4)

Answer 14

• female physical characteristics (80085)
• stopping bone growth and muscle (stop after period)
• regulation of menstrual cycle
• maintenance of mucous membranes of vagina

Question 15

progesterone (2)

Answer 15

• Regulation of menstrual cycle
• Development of uterine lining (endometrium)

Question 16

inhibin

Answer 16

regulates FSH (negative feedback loop maintenance)

Question 17

what hormones do ovaries produce?

Answer 17

estrogen, inhibin, progesterone

Question 18

pituitary gland hormones?

Answer 18

prolactin, oxytocin

Question 19

prolactin

Answer 19

• Milk production, progesterone production
• Also in men (unsure why)
  
  • Too much causes sexual dysfunctions (erectile problems)

Question 20

oxytocin

Answer 20

“tend and befriend”
- Promotes affectionate bonding
- Milk secretion, contractions of uterus during childbirth

Question 21

menarche

Answer 21

first menstruation

Question 22

amenorrhea

Answer 22

absence of menstruation (Pregnancy, anorexia)

Question 23

4 phases of menstrual cycle

Answer 23

1. Proliferative or Follicular Phase
   
   • Variable in length
2. Ovulatory
   
   • Ovulation occurs (release of mature egg)
3. Secretory or Luteal
   
   • 14 days
4. Menstrual
   
   • Menstruation occurs, endometrium is shed

Question 24

hormones in the combination pill

Answer 24

estrogen and progestin (synthetic progesterone)
- 21 days hormones
- 7 days sugar
- prevent ovulation

Question 25

what do high levels of progestin inhibit?

Answer 25

LH !!!

Question 26

Dysmenorrhea

Answer 26

Pain or discomfort during menstruation (cramps)

Question 27

What causes cramps in menstruation?

Answer 27

uterine contractions from prostaglandins

Question 28

Mastalgia

Answer 28

breast pain caused by fluid retention

Question 29

(PMS)

Answer 29

Premenstrual Syndrome - Physiological and psychological symptoms present 4-6 days before period begins - Depression, pain, water retention

Question 30

PMDD

Answer 30

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Question 31

role of culture in PMDD

Answer 31

- Exposure to American culture increases prevalence - Black women = less likely to experience symptoms - VERY LOW in Japanese women (~1%)

Question 32

What duct turns into male?

Answer 32

wolffian duct

Question 33

What duct turns into female?

Answer 33

Müllerian duct

Question 34

Themes in parental announcements of boys? (2005)

Answer 34

pride (boy = status symbol)

Question 35

Themes in parental announcements of girls? (2005)

Answer 35

happiness, related to more attachment motivation/nurturing/emotional connection

Question 36

How are baby girls treated in china?

Answer 36

less desirable - selective abortion and infanticide (babies in dumpsters)

Question 37

baby girls in INDIA?

Answer 37

- Preference for sons - Selective abortion (no longer allowed to test for sex of child) - More girls than boys die as infants - Purposeful or differential treatment

Question 38

how is the hypothalamus different in Females?

Answer 38

more estrogen receptors

Question 39

in what gender is the amygdala said to be larger?

Answer 39

Male

Question 40

CAH?

Answer 40

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - XX - identify as woman - internal female genitals (normal ovaries) - external male genitals

Question 41

AIS

Answer 41

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome - XY - body does not respond to androgens - External genitals look female, no penis - Usually not discovered until puberty when don’t have a period

Question 42

ISNA

Answer 42

Intersex Society of North America **Goal:** “End shame, secrecy, and unwanted genital surgeries for people born with atypical sex anatomy” **Emphasis:** Variability not abnormality **Surgery:** “ONLY if and when the intersex person requests it”

Question 43

most important period of differentiation?

Answer 43

prenatal

Question 44

second most important period of differentiation?

Answer 44

puberty!

Question 45

what signals the pituitary to release hormones and start puberty?

Answer 45

KISS1 gene! signals release of kisspeptin