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PSYC 350 - Midterm 1 > Unit 4 - Key Terms > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

The time from conception to birth.

A

prenatal (pree-NAY-tul) period

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2
Q

Chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands into the bloodstream.

A

hormones

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3
Q

A hormone secreted by the testes in the male (and also present at lower levels in the female).

A

testosterone

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4
Q

A group of sex hormones, one of which is testosterone.

A

androgens

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5
Q

A group of sex hormones one of which is estradiol.

A

estrogens (ESS-troh-jens)

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6
Q

A “female” sex hormone secreted by the ovaries.

A

progesterone (pro-JES-tur-ohn)

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7
Q

A small endocrine gland located on the lower side of the brain below the hypothalamus; the pituitary is important in regulating levels of sex hormones.

A

pituitary (pih-TOO-ih-tair-ee) gland

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8
Q

A small region of the brain that is important in regulating many body functions, including the functioning of the sex hormones.

A

hypothalamus (hy-poh-THAL-ah-mus)

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9
Q

A hormone secreted by the pituitary; it stimulates follicle development in females and sperm production in males.

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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10
Q

A hormone secreted by the pituitary; it regulates estrogen secretion and ovum development in the female and testosterone production in the male.

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

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11
Q

A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that regulates the pituitary’s secretion of gonad-stimulating hormones.

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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12
Q

Hypothalamus–pituitary–gonad axis, the negative feedback loop that regulates sex hormone production.

A

HPG axis

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13
Q

A substance secreted by the testes and ovaries that regulates FSH levels.

A

inhibin

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14
Q

The first phase of the menstrual cycle, beginning just after menstruation, during which an egg matures in preparation for ovulation.

A

follicular (fuh-LIK-you-lur) phase

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15
Q

Chemicals found in the environment that affect the endocrine system and cause adverse effects on animals, including humans.

A

endocrine disrupters

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16
Q

Release of an egg from the ovaries; the second phase of the menstrual cycle.

A

ovulation

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17
Q

The third phase of the menstrual cycle, following ovulation.

A

luteal (LOO-tee-uhl) phase

18
Q

The mass of cells of the follicle remaining after ovulation; it secretes progesterone.

A

corpus luteum

19
Q

The fourth phase of the menstrual cycle, during which the endometrium of the uterus is sloughed off in the menstrual discharge.

A

menstruation

20
Q

Painful menstruation.

A

dysmenorrhea (dis-men-oh-REE-uh)

21
Q

Chemicals secreted by the uterus that cause the uterine muscles to contract; they are a likely cause of painful menstruation.

A

prostaglandins

22
Q

A condition in which the endometrium grows abnormally outside the uterus; the symptom is unusually painful periods with excessive bleeding.

A

endometriosis

23
Q

The absence of menstruation.

A

amenorrhea

24
Q

A gene on the Y chromosome that causes testes to differentiate prenatally.

A

sex-determining region, Y chromosome (SRY)

25
Q

Ducts found in both male and female fetuses; in males they degenerate and in females they develop into the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the upper part of the vagina.

A

Müllerian ducts

26
Q

Ducts found in both male and female fetuses; in females they degenerate and in males they develop into the epididymis, the vas deferens, and the ejaculatory duct.

A

Wolffian ducts

27
Q

Undescended testes; the condition in which the testes do not descend to the scrotum as they should during prenatal development.

A

cryptorchidism

28
Q

A functional change to DNA that does not alter the genetic code itself, but leads to changes in gene expression. Often, an epigenetic change involves methylation; that is, a methyl group is attached to the base cytosine in the DNA.

A

epigenetics

29
Q

Organs in the male and female that develop from the same embryonic tissue.

A

homologous (huh-MOLL-uh-gus) organs

30
Q

Organs in the male and female that have similar functions.

A

analogous (an-AL-uh-gus) organs

31
Q

A condition in which an individual has a mixture of male and female reproductive structures, so that it is not clear at birth whether the individual is a male or a female; formerly called a pseudohermaphrodite.

A

intersex

32
Q

A newer term for an intersex condition.

A

disorder of sexual development (DSD)

33
Q

A condition in which a genetic female produces abnormal levels of testosterone prenatally and therefore has male-appearing genitals at birth.

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

34
Q

A genetic condition in which the body is unresponsive to androgens so that a genetic male may be born with a female-appearing body.

A

androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

35
Q

The time during which there is sudden enlargement and maturation of the gonads, other genitalia, and secondary sex characteristics, so that the individual becomes capable of reproduction.

A

puberty

36
Q

First menstruation.

A

menarche (MEN-ar-key)

37
Q

A protein that is related to the onset of puberty.

A

leptin

38
Q

A hormone involved in the initiation of pubertal development.

A

kisspeptin

39
Q

Endocrine glands located just above the kidneys; in the female they are the major producers of androgens.

A

adrenal (uh-DREE-nul) glands

40
Q

A time of increased secretion of adrenal androgens, usually just before age 8.

A

adrenarche (AD-ren-ar-key)

41
Q

A combination of severe physical and psychological symptoms, such as depression and irritability, occurring just before menstruation.

A

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

42
Q

A diagnostic category in the DSM-V, characterized by symptoms such as sadness, anxiety, and irritability in the week before menstruation

A

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

PSYC 350 - Midterm 1 (8 decks)

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