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PSYC 350 - Midterm 1 > Unit 1 - Historical Perspectives > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Historical Perspectives Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biggest factor shaping ideas about sexuality?

A

Religion

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2
Q

What are 3 biases when examining other periods and cultures?

A
  1. Class
  2. Sexism
  3. Education
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3
Q

Define “ethnocentrism”

A

The belief that the behaviour of our own ethnic groups IS THE NORM
- This heavily influences our opinions about sexuality

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4
Q

Summarize views on sex in the PREHISTORIC PERIOD

A
  • Worship women’s ability to bear children
  • Celebrate fertility (imagery, artwork, artefacts, genitalia)
  • Phallic worship once discovered semen was needed for pregnancy
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5
Q

Summarize views on sex in ANCIENT HEBREWS

A
  • Procreation and pleasure
  • Polygamy allowed (MEN ONLY)
  • Wife = property
  • Extramarital and homosexuality = condemned
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6
Q

Summarize views on sex in ANCIENT GREECE

A
  • Exploration of orientations
  • Cultural acceptance of: homosexuality, bisexuality, pederasty, prostitution
  • Women = lower social status overall
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7
Q

Greek myth about sex

A

Humans = devil creatures.
So powerful that the Gods feared humans and split them up.
Gave idea that humans are always searching for the other half which might be male OR female

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8
Q

Summarize views on sex in ANCIENT ROME

A
  • Bisexuality among ONLY men = common (frowned upon for women)
  • Orgies!!! for days!!! (thnx Caligula)
  • Women = property, low status
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9
Q

Summarize views on sex for MUSLIMS

A
  • Sex = finest pleasure (teachings of Muhammad)
  • Premarital, polygamy, celibacy = frowned

DOUBLE STANDARD:
- men can have many wives, women only have 1 husband

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10
Q

Define pederasty

A

Greek men take adolescent men as lover/pupil, training for sex

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11
Q

Summarize views on sex for TAOISTS

A

Semen = life force energy (men should not spill their seed)
- First sex manual
- Masturbation = only for women

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12
Q

Summarize views on sex for HINDUS

A
  • Sex = virtuous and natural, celebrated within marriage
  • Seen as religious duty
  • Restrictive after 1,000AD
    (colonialism made Hinduism more conservative)
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13
Q

Summarize views on sex for EARLY CHRISTIANS (400AD)

A
  • Procreation ONLY (not passion) (procreation of the christ)
  • Virginity = important
  • Masturbation, oral/genital contact, prostitution = negative
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14
Q

What was outlined in St. Augustine’s Confessions? (397-400AD)

A

RESTRICTIVE IDEAS
- Struggle/regrets about living life of sin (sexual relationships)
- Suggested missionary = only acceptable way to engage in sex

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15
Q

Summarize views on sex in the MIDDLE AGES (500-1500AD)

A

Ideas re: witchcraft
- Wet dreams (nocturnal emissions) = sex with tiny spirits
- Sexual dysfunction = witchcraft

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16
Q

Summarize views on sex during the PROTESTANT REFORMATION (1517-1648)

A

MLK splits from Roman Catholic Church
- Believed in divorce, marriage for priests, importance of sex
- Extramarital = still sinful

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17
Q

Summarize views on sex for the VICTORIAN ERA

A

EXTREME REPRESSION
- Procreation only
- Men advised by physicians to not have sex often
- Chastity belts era

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18
Q

What were Dr. Clelia Mosher’s research findings from the Victorian Era

A

Challenged many stereotypes
- Research found that women enjoyed sex (goes against what was thought during this era)

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19
Q

Important events during the sexual revolution?

A

Social upheaval in science, music, art, fashion
- Introduction of THE PILL
- Gay rights / activism

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20
Q

What plays a similar role to religion today?

A

Media

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21
Q

Types of influences in media (3)

A
  1. Cultivation
    - People begin to think that what they see in the media represents how things happen IRL
  2. Agenda setting
    - Algorithms, news reports, and social media select what we see and ignore
    - Sets message for what is and isn’t important
  3. Social learning
    - Characters we see represent models for how we should act
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22
Q

CONCLUSIONS

A
  1. All societies regulate sex
  2. Different societies accept different behaviours/attitudes (nothing stagnant)
  3. Differences across regions (groups are not homogenous)
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23
Q

Importance of Freud (1856-1939)

A
  • Talking about sex during Victorian period (highly repressed)
  • Psychodynamic theory: explores how earlier experiences inform current behaviour
24
Q

Freud major contributions (3)

A
  1. Libido (life force energy)
  2. Psychosexual stages theory (oral, anal, phallic)
  3. Revolutionary ideas during time of sexual repression
25
Q

Henry Havelock Ellis (1859-1939) (nice guy)

A
  1. First major publication in sex (Studies in the Psychology of Sex)
    - used to increase understanding
  2. First to write compassionately about homosexuality
  3. Wrote about transgenderism (called sexo-aesthetic, then eonism)
    - Ideas regarding transgenderism attributed to over-identification with the admired object (ie: women)
26
Q

Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing (1840-1902) (german)

A
  • Interest in sexual disorders
  • German psychiatrist
  • Non-procreative sex = perversion
27
Q

4 categories of “sexual perversions”

A
  1. Paradoxia (sexual response at the wrong time in life)
  2. Anesthesia (insufficient sexual desire)
  3. Hyperesthesia (excessive)
  4. Paraesthesia (sexual desire for the wrong goal or object)
28
Q

Magnus Hirschfeld (1868-1935) first!

A
  • Founder of the first sex research institute
  • Administered the first large-scale sex survey
  • First journal
  • Marital counselling
29
Q

Alfred Kinsey (1894-1956)
- 10% men r gay (not rly)

A

FAMOUS FOR LARGE SEX SURVEYS
Developed 7-point scale to look at sex on a spectrum (rejected 3 categorization hetero/bi/homo)
1 (same sex) – 7 (oppostite)
- survey results:
–extramarital sex = common
–women multiple orgasms

30
Q

William Masters (1915-2001) and Virginia Johnson (1925-2013)

A

First to look at physiological sexual response in men and Women
- directly observed sexual acts
- established a lot of our framework for understanding sexuality from a physical standpoint

31
Q

4-phase model of sexual response (EPOR)

A
  • Excitement phase
  • Plateau phase
  • Orgasm
  • Resolution phase
32
Q

Biases in studying culture (2)

A
  1. Hawthorne
    2.Ethnocentrism
33
Q

Main method studying culture

A

Participant observation

34
Q

Sexual frequency variations

A

Lowest = island off the coast of Ireland
Highest = Island in pacific

35
Q

Kissing in Africa?

A

87% of cultures say = NOT COMMON

36
Q

Why is genital mutilation practiced in Egyptian culture?

A

Prevent pleasure / sexuality

37
Q

What is the second biggest taboo after incest across cultures?

A

Extramarital sex

38
Q

Does same-sex sexual activity always occur in all cultures?

A

YES! But never predominant

39
Q

Similarities between CA and US?

A
  • 25% have had a threesome
  • 50% have had a 1 night stand
  • Women have a similar average number (9-10) of sexual partners (more than men)
40
Q

Differences between CA and US?

A

CA:
- more sex outdoors
- women allowed topless (‘96)

US:
- teens 2x likely to get preggo

41
Q

What affects sex norms? (4)

A

AGE
SES
ETHNICITY
GENDER (women = more liberal)

42
Q

Avg number of partners in Canada (lifetime)

A

12

43
Q

What were tiny sex creatures called in the Middle Ages?

A

incubi and succubi

44
Q

Who was an objective scholar and believed women (like men) were sexual creatures?

A

NICE GUY henry havelock ellis

45
Q

Who wrote psychopathia sexualis?

A

Richard von karfft-ebbing
- incl. 200 case studies of “pathological” individuals

46
Q

What concepts did richard von create?

A

sadism, masochism, pedophilia

heterosexuality and homosexuality after translation of his book (1892)

47
Q

What is a universal taboo?

A

Incest

48
Q

How do Chinese Canadians express themselves sexually?

A

Typically a combination of mainstream and heritage acculturation

49
Q

How is masturbation viewed cross-culturally?

A

Almost all human societies express some disapproval of adult masturbation, ranging from mild ridicule to severe punishment

50
Q

Who practices masturbation?

A

MOST adults in MOST societies, SOME adults in ALL societies

51
Q

How many cultures forbid extramarital sex?

A

74%
when permitted = regulated. most common to be tolerable for only MEN

52
Q

Which countries have the most + viewpoint towards queerness?

A

Denmark, Netherlands, and Sweden

53
Q

Which countries have the most - viewpoint towards queerness?

A

Belarus, Bulgaria, Estonia, Russia

54
Q

How are humans unique sexually?

A

Environmental influences are more important in shaping sexual behaviour in primates (especially humans)

55
Q

What happens if mice are reared alone?

A

Nada

56
Q

Estrus meaning

A

Female mammals in heat

PSYC 350 - Midterm 1 (8 decks)

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