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AP Psychology 8th > Unit 4: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Unit 4: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The process by which physical energy comes from the environment (vision, hearing gets worse). (sense,taste,smell)

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2
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Sensory nerve endings responding to stimuli

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3
Q

Perception

A

Process of organizing and interpreting or gives meaning to sensory information.

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4
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Starts with the sensory receptors, but then works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information. Start assigning meaning to different parts, used at a very starting point, not giving hits (Target bag, 1000 peace puzzle no box. What’s the picture? Start at very little info).

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5
Q

Top-down processing

A

Is info processing by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions showing our experience and expectations. In addition, gives a big hit right away. (ex:people are shown a list of words printed in different colors. They’re then asked to name the ink color, rather than the word itself).

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6
Q

Selective attention

A

Focus of conscious awareness (Mrs. O talking, focus on the field). Better known as the cocktail party effect. (ex: hearing your name from a big group).

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7
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Falling to see visible objects when our attention is elsewhere (ex: counting basketball passes to the team in white, failing to notice a gorilla comes through).

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8
Q

Change blindness

A

falling to find changes in the environment (ex: giving directions to someone and the person you give directions to changes to someone else and you fail to notice is someone new

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9
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy to another.

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10
Q

Psychophysics

A

The subfield of psychology devoted to the study and physical stimuli. It can also be their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.

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11
Q

Absolute threshold

A

minimum stimulation in your environment for a stimulus to be detected (hearing the song, smelling the smell)

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12
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Not just a single threshold: Based on experience, expectations predicts also how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). It also states there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.

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13
Q

Subliminal

A

Under one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

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14
Q

Difference threshold

A

The min difference between two stimuli required for detection.

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15
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (compared to a constant amount). (JND)

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16
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Getting rid of a sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation (ex: the pool not feeling cold after getting use to it).

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17
Q

Perceptual set

A

To perceive things a certain way, based on what we see, hear, taste, touch.

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18
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance from the peak of one light or can be a sound wave to the next peak. Wavelengths in light waves determine the hue (color) and wavelengths in sound waves determine the pitch (sound).

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19
Q

Hue

A

Color/ wavelength

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20
Q

Intensity

A

brightness/ amplitude

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21
Q

Cornea

A

eye’s clear, protective outer layer covering the pupil and iris.

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22
Q

Pupil

A

Adjustable opening in the center of the eye where light enters.

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23
Q

Iris

A

The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the next peak. Wavelengths in light waves determine the hue or (color) and wavelengths in sound waves determine the pitch (sound)

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24
Q

Lens

A

Transparent structure behind the pupil, also changes shape to focus images on the retina.

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25
Q

Retina

A

Light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, contains the photo receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that process visual information.

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26
Q

Accommodation

A

Lense moving into a certain way in order to form a clearer picture.

27
Q

Rods

A

Used at night when cones do not work on the sides. (Mem: fishing rod)

28
Q

Cones

A

Used during the day In the center of the eye, near the center of the retina, that detect colors and details. (Memoc: CCC)

29
Q

Optic nerve

A

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

30
Q

Blind spot

A

The point in which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind spot” because there are no receptor cells located in that location.

31
Q

Fovea

A

The central focal point in the retina

32
Q

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

A

(three color theory)The retina contains three different color receptors which are (red, green, and blue) which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.

33
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) cause color vision. Such as the afterimage effect (staring at a yellow, green, and black flag and when looking away, you see red, white, and blue).

34
Q

Feature detectors

A

Nerve cells in the brain responding to shape, angle, or movement.

35
Q

Parallel processing

A

Process many things at the same time such as color, motion, form, and depth.

36
Q

Gestalt

A

Prefers perceptions of connected and continuous figures. Also, disconnected and disjointed ones.

37
Q

Figure-ground

A

Organizing objects from their surroundings.

38
Q

Grouping

A

The tendency to put things into groups.

39
Q

Depth perception

A

Sees 3 dimensional objects even though they are two (ex: baby walking).

40
Q

Visual cliff

A

An apparent but not actual drop from one surface to another.

41
Q

Binocular cue

A

Depth cues with both eyes, used to perceive depth between two near objects. By comparing the different images from both retinas.

42
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Are differences between the images received by the left eye and the right eye as a result of viewing the world at a different angle.

43
Q

Monocular cues

A

Used to help perceive depth by one eye.

44
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

Illusion of movement due to rapid stimuli.

45
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Finding objects as unchanging such as brightness, shape, or size. But shape, color, and size can be the same.

46
Q

Color constancy

A

Perceiving familiar objects as having the same color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.

47
Q

Perceptual adaptation

A

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field. This is usually done with distorting lenses. When the lenses are removed, it takes some time for perception to return to the original state.

48
Q

Audition

A

The sense of hearing, number of wavelengths.

49
Q

Frequency

A

Pitch

50
Q

Pitch

A

wavelength/frequency

51
Q

Middle ear

A

Part of the ear that transmits the eardrum’s vibrations through a piston made of three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) to the cochlea.

52
Q

Cochlea

A

Snail shaped, where transduction happens.

53
Q

Inner ear

A

the innermost part of the ear that has the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs (important for balance). This is where transduction happens for sound.

54
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage of the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves. It is also called nerve deafness. This can be caused by disease, but are more often the culprits of biological changes linked heredity, aging, and prolonged exposure to ear-splitting noise or music.

55
Q

Conduction hearing loss:

A

hearing loss from damage to the mechanical system, such as the three bones, that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. A hearing aid may help amplify sounds for someone who has conduction hearing loss.

56
Q

Cochlear implant

A

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.

57
Q

Place theory

A

Links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated. This theory can explain how we high pitched sounds, but now how we hear low-pitch sounds because the neural signals generated by low-pitched sounds are not so neatly localized on the basilar membrane.

58
Q

Frequency theory

A

States that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, enabling us to sense its pitch.

59
Q

Gate control theory

A

The spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The gate is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.

60
Q

Olfaction

A

Sense of smell, (chemical sense, goes hand and hand with gustation).

61
Q

Kinesthesia

A

Sense of body knows where everything is, and knows where the body moves (ex: track, running,etc). Body connected.

62
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Sense of body related to everything around (mmemo: gravity/velocity).

63
Q

Sensory interaction

A

One sense may influence the other (smell, taste) (ex: when you are sick and you eat something).

64
Q

TOOCA

A

Tympanic membrane –> ossicles –> oval window –> cochlea –> auditory nerve

AP Psychology 8th (5 decks)

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