Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psychology 8th > AP Psychology Final Review > Flashcards

AP Psychology Final Review Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Behavioral

A

Learned from rewards and punishments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Psychodynamic

A

Behavior based on unconscious factors and childhood experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Humanistic

A

Influence of growth, potential free (FULL Potential).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cognitive

A

How we THINK, process, remember, think, and problem solve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Biological

A

How the body and brain work together to influence physical and metal behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Socialcultral

A

cultural differences and those who affect our Psychology (earth, high five).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Evolution

A

How behavior and thoughts changed overtime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Basic research

A

Are the building blocks, often at a college , increasing things we know

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Applied research

A

Final product solves problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Industrial/Organizational

A

Uses Psych in the work place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Human factors (engineering)

A

How machine’s and people interact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Highlight bias

A

The tendency to believe we saw something happen (ex: breakup).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Overconfidence

A

We tend to be more confident than correct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

APA Ethical Guidelines

A
  1. Obtain informed consent (right to leave if wanted)
  2. confidencial the people doing the study
  3. protect the people doing the study from harm or uncomfortableness
  4. Only use deception if you can’t do anything else
  5. Debrief what just happened and answer ?’s.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

Studying a group for a long time (ex: interviewing someone k-12).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cross Sectional

A

Different groups studied all the same day (Ex: interview kindergartens, 1st graders, 2nd graders, etc).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Correlation

A

A relationship between two variables, in which changes in one variable are reflected in changes in the other variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

perceiving a relationship where none exists or perceiving a stronger than actual relationship.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Postive Correlation

A

variables move in same direction

Example: Time studying & test scores (up/up, dn/dn)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Negative Correlation

A

variables move in opposite directions

Example: Exercise and heart disease (up/down)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Correlation coefficient (r)

A

A number between -1/+1 expressing degree of relationship b/w two variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Case Study

A

intensive study on one/few that is useful for rare or new interests/ findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Control Group

A

not exposed to a version of Indepent varaible; comparison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable manipulated by the experimenter
Variable, what YOU THE RESEARCHER CHANGES that you’re trying to see the effects of
Effects of BWW sauce on thirst 🡪 sauce is IV
Effects of sleep on concentration 🡪 sleep amount is IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Dependent variable

A

The measured outcome of a study; the responses of participants in a study
DEPENDS on what happens with the IV
Effects of BWW sauce on thirst 🡪 thirst is DV
Effects of sleep on concentration 🡪 concentration is DV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

observing subjects in their natural environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Statistical significance

A

(p< .05): the probability that the results of a study might be due to chance is less than 5%, (95%) Confident that the difference is real and not due to chance! RESEARCHERS WANT THIS!!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Confounding variables

A

Have an unwanted influence on the outcome of an experiment; confused with IV.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The Neuron (nerve cell)

A

pecialized cell that responds to and sends signals; basic building block of NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Soma(Cell Body)

A

Holds nucleus/chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Dendrites

A

Branched fibers that receive and integrate messages conducting impulses towards the soma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Axon

A

Extended fiber that passes messages to other neurons; information travels along this in the form of an electric charge called the AP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Glial cells

A

Provide structural support, clean up dead cells, form myelin, form new synapses, play a role in learning/memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Axon Terminal(branches)/BUTTONS

A

Tiny bubble-like structures at the end of the axon; contain synaptic vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

Small containers holding neurotransmitters that connect to the presynaptic membrane, releasing the neurotransmitter into the synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that relay neural messages across the synapse; influence whether or not the next neuron fires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Synapse

A

Communication link between neurons
Happens in the synaptic gap/cleft
b/w terminal buttons of one neuron and dendrites of another neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

Small containers holding neurotransmitters that connect to the presynaptic membrane, releasing the neurotransmitter into the synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that relay neural messages across the synapse; influence whether or not the next neuron fires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Action potential

A

Nerve impulse caused by reversal in the electrical charge across axon (- to +); sodium and potassium exchanged in/out of axon
Depolarization (from – to +)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

EEG (electroencephalogram)

A

Records brain waves; electrodes placed on scalp (not a scan)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

MEG (magnetoencephalography)

A

Measures magnetic fields (IS a scan)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

CT (computerized tomography)

A

x-ray, structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

PET (positron emission tomography)

A

(positron emission tomography) – detects glucose in active circuits; activity, not structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

tissue; structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

fMRI (functional MRI)

A

moving picture of brain in action; activity & structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Brain stem

A

automatic, survival functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Medulla

A

heart rate/breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Pons

A

control during sleep and dreaming, movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Reticular formation

A

controls arousal, alertness, awareness, attention, multitasking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Thalamus

A

sensory control center; all sensory info is directed through here EXCEPT for smell

52
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordinated movement, balance; nonverbal learning and memory

53
Q

Limbic System

A

Regulates emotion, drives, memory

54
Q

Amygdala

A

linked to fear and aggression

55
Q

Hypothalamus

A

blood testing lab – hunger, thirst, body temp, sexual behavior, Works closely with pituitary gland (master gland)in endocrine system

56
Q

Hippocampus

A

facilitates long-term memory storage for facts

57
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Brain’s thinking cap; ultimate control and information-processing center

58
Q

Frontal lobes (AKA pre-frontal cortex)

A

planning, deciding, thinking, motor cortex, personality?

59
Q

Parietal lobes

A

touch sensation, spatial relationships, pain, pressure, somatosensory cortex

60
Q

Occipital lobes

A

contain visual cortex

61
Q

Temporal lobes

A

sounds, memory, speech production, auditory cortex

62
Q

Gyri and Sulci

A

ridges and valleys

63
Q

Plasticity

A

Ability of the nervous system to adapt or change as the result of experience
Helps the nervous system adapt to physical damage
Restructured/programmed by experience
Make new connections, sprout new dendrites
Example – juggling, violin playing, blind individuals
Neurogenesis: formation of new neurons

64
Q

Association areas

A

Cortical regions involved in higher mental functions, not motor and sensory functions
Deciding what to do when your phone rings in class

65
Q

Aphasia

A

The impairment of language (speech or understanding)

66
Q

Left Brain

A

LOGIC, LANGUAGE

67
Q

RIGHT Brain

A

FACIAL, SPATIAL RECOGNITION

68
Q

Broca’s Area

A 
interferes w/ speech production (frontal lobe damage)
can understand language
words not properly formed
grammatically incorrect
speech is slow and slurred
some aware of deficits
69
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

loss of ability to understand language (parietal/temporal)
can speak clearly most of the time
words put together make no sense; word salads
not aware of deficits

70
Q

Sensory receptors

A

sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

71
Q

Transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy into another

Changing sights, sounds, smells into a neural code the brain can interpret

72
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is elsewhere

73
Q

Change blindness

A

failing to notice changes in the environment

74
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

focusing attention on one particular stimulus while filtering out other stimuli
You hear your name across a room, involuntarily switch attention to it

75
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum stimulation necessary for a stimulus to be detected

76
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Prediction of how and when we detect a faint stimulus amid background stimulation
No single absolute threshold - based on experience, expectations, motivation, alertness

77
Q

Subliminal

A

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

78
Q

Difference threshold

A

Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time (just noticeable difference – JND)

79
Q

Weber’s law

A

stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage instead of a constant amount to be perceived as different

80
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Loss of responsiveness in receptor cells after stimulation has remained unchanged/constant for a while

81
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Light-sensitive cells in the retina (where transduction occurs!) that convert light energy to neural impulses (marker demo)

82
Q

Rods

A

sensitive to dim light but not colors (sides) used during the nightime

83
Q

Cones

A

sensitive to colors but not dim light (center) used during the daytime

84
Q

Fovea

A

area of sharpest vision on the retina (cones)

85
Q

Optic nerve

A

Bundle of neurons that carries visual information from retina to the brain

86
Q

Blind spot

A

Where the optic nerve exits the eye; there are no photoreceptors

87
Q

Binocular cues

A

depth cue that depends on the use of two eyes

88
Q

Retinal disparity

A

when comparing retinal images from the two eyes; the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object

89
Q

Monocular cues

A

depth cue available to one eye

90
Q

Relative size

A

wo objects the same size 🡪 if one appears larger then it’s closer to us

91
Q

Linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear to meet in the distance; sharper the angle of convergence, the greater the perceived difference

92
Q

Relative motion

A

objects closer to you move faster than those further away from you; objects that are stationary appear to move when we are

93
Q

Interposition

A

hidden objects are more distant than those objects that hide them

94
Q

Cochlea

A

snail shaped tube where transduction occurs, Basilar Membrane.

95
Q

Kinesthesia

A

Sense of body position and movement of body parts relative to each other
Receptors: Joints & muscles, processed in cerebellum

96
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Sense of body related to everything around (mmemo: gravity/velocity).

97
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

unable to recall past information

98
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

unable to learn/ remember new information; no transfer into LTM

99
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose

100
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Ignoring or finding fault with information that does not fit our opinions and seeking information with which we agree

101
Q

Overconfidence

A

tendency to be more confident than correct; overestimate accuracy of our beliefs and judgments (ex:driving).

102
Q

Phoneme

A

smallest distinctive unit of sound (ah, ta)

103
Q

Morphemes

A

mallest unit that carries meaning

-ing, -ed, un-, walk

104
Q

Broca’s Area

A

interferes w/ speech production (frontal lobe damage)
can comprehend language
speech is slow, slurred, grammatically incorrect
some aware of deficits

105
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

loss of ability to understand language (parietal/temporal)
cannot comprehend language
speak clearly most of the time; words put together make no sense
not aware of deficits

106
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

The stimulus that naturally elicits an unconditioned/automatic response (dog food)

107
Q

Unconditioned response (UCR)

A

The natural response elicited by an uncondition- ed stimulus without prior learning (salivate)

108
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned (learned) response after association with the UCS (bell)

109
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

A response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus (learned)

110
Q

Classical Diagram

A

(UCS) meat 🡪 (UCR) salivate
(NS) bell + (UCS) meat 🡪 (UCR) salivate
(CS) bell 🡪 (CR) salivate

111
Q

Higher-order Conditioning

A

The CS in one experience is paired with a new NS, creating a second (often weaker) CS

112
Q

Extinction

A

Diminishing of a conditioned response; when the CS no longer signals an impending UCS

113
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Reappearance of a CR, after a rest period, in response to the CS.

114
Q

Positive reinforcer

A

increasing behaviors by presenting positive rewards. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, gets the response more often. (ex: crying child, and gets candy student comes to class early and give praise)

115
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

slowing down a aversive stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response IT IS NOT A PUNISHMENT!!! Issac winning is what happens in this case, taking (ex: nightquil to relive the flu, gave in).

116
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

Reinforcers, such as food and sex, that have an innate basis because of their biological value to an organism

117
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

Acquire their reinforcing power by their learned association with primary reinforcers (ex. money/tokens)

118
Q

Positive punishment

A

The addition of an aversive (bad) stimulus after a response to decrease it (parking ticket)

119
Q

Negative punishment

A

The removal of an appetitive (good) stimulus after a response to decrease it (taking away the xbox)

120
Q

Ratio schedules

A

Provide reward after a certain number of responses

121
Q

Interval schedules

A

Provide reward after a certain time interval (sec, mins, hrs, days, weeks, months, etc.)

122
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

Rewards appear after a SET number of responses (40 passes then get $25 gift card).

123
Q

Variable Ratio

A

Rewards appear after a DIFFERENT number of responses

Slot machine pay-outs

124
Q

Fixed Interval

A

Rewards appear after a SET amount of time, regardless of number of responses (paycheck)

125
Q

Variable Interval

A

Rewards appear after a DIFFERENT a mount of time, regardless of number of responses (teacher evals)

AP Psychology 8th (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions