Unit 2 Research Methods Flashcards
Hindsight bias
Thought you knew it all along and believed what happened was a good choice. (ex: breakups, taking the QB out had a positive outcome or negative outcome).
Theory
Explains using a set to show observations with predictions of behaviors or events.
Hypothesis
Predicting what will happen from a scientific study
Operational definition
Let’s someone know what positive or negative happened
Replication
Doing the same thing over and over again to try to get the same results.
Case study
A Study to find something you want pros: can have a common interest cons: can have no common interest
Naturalistic observation
seeing objects in their environment pros: not in a lab and get a first hand account cons: can be subjective and no controls.
Survey
Get information from how someone behaves, attitudes, opinions, and beliefs Pros:Quick number of responses, quick to test. A random sample from the population (ex: prom) Random selection: Equal chance of being selected to be involved Cons: can have a lot of bias Social desirability bias: Answer questions to make yourself in favor Must be careful when wording questions
Sampling bias
Not the best sampling and produces off results
Population
Everyone that is being studied in the study
Random sample
Everyone in the population gets a fair stay
Correlation
A relationship between two variables, of which one variable is different which does not affect the one.
correlation coefficient
A stat index between 2 things from -1.00 to 1.00
Variable
Anything that can be measured
Scatterplot
:In a positive correlation, both will increase. Ex: Studying and test grades (more studying = higher test scores AND less studying = lower test scores).In a negative correlation, one will increase and one will decrease. Ex: Exercise amount and chance of heart attack (more exercise = less chance of heart attack AND less exercise = higher chance of heart attack) and years you have owned car and the value of a car (owned for longer = worthless AND owned for shorter = worth more)In zero correlations, there is no effect on the variables. Ex: nail polish color and intelligence negative correlation will have a negative coefficient and a positive correlation will have a positive coefficient. The closer to -1 or +1 it is, the stronger the correlation is. Ex: Strong positive correlation = 0.9, weak positive correlation = 0.1, strong negative correlation = -0.9, and weak negative correlation = -0.1.
Illusory correlation
When there is common interest where there is nothing or has a stronger feel (ex: full moon).
Regression toward the mean
Most of the time very strange scores or results that are less than avg (ex: Slot Machines).
Experiment
The researcher controls everything that happens such as the conduction like a cause & effect
Experimental group
is exposed to the Independent variable
control group
Is not exposed to the independent variable.
Random assignment
Equal fair chance to be picked
Double-blind procedure
Nobody Knows who’s in control
Placebo effect
Response to changes in the brain, makes up responses to the indep var
Independent variable
Is what someone gets to control (ex: sauce)
Dependent variable
Is the outcome of what happens (ex: thirst).
Confounding variable
A factor that is different that is being studied that might impact the results of the study.
Validity
A test that can predict what might happen.
Ethical guidelines
informed consent, debriefing, get to leave, keep the people confidential
Descriptive statistics
Data with numbers, to measure and explain groups.
histogram
Converting the data into a graph
mode
Number that appears the most
Mean
Add all the scores and divide by the number of scores.
median
Middle number and if even amount/2
Range
Difference between the highest and lowest scores
standard deviation
The avg difference between all the scores
Normal distribution/normal curve
Bell shaped curve showing a spread through a population
Skewed distributions
Scores that are all around the avg amount
Inferential statistics
Data that can generate to infer data is common between everything.
Statistical significance/significant difference
A stat statement of how likely something is by chance
