Unit 4: primary needs Flashcards
What is a need?
any condition inherent to the person that’s essential for:
- life
- development
- well-being
What happens if needs are met?
well-being maintained and enhanced
What happens if needs are neglected?
hindrance of need produces damage disrupting physical or psychological well-being
How do motivational states relate to needs?
provide desire to act before harm is done
Physiological needs
inherent to functioning of biological systems
Psychological needs
inherent to efforts of human nature and healthy development
Social needs
internalised/ learned from emotional and socialisation histories
How can you differ between psychological and social needs?
Psychological: inherent, oriented toward growth and adaptation (e.g. autonomy)
Social: Learned; preserve identity, beliefs, values and relationships (e.g. achievement)
Do needs always occur alone?
no, can also occur simultaneously
-> more intense need satisfied first
Pyramid of needs according to Maslow (highest to lowest)
Self-actualisation
esteen
Love/Belonging
Safety
Physiology
What purpose does homeostasis serve?
maintaining biological constants and physiological functions within appropriate limits, despite alterations in internal or external environment
What is thirst?
Self-regulatory mechanism that serves to maintain appropriate water level
->metabolic functions in the cell can be carried out
What are the most relevant factors for the consumption of liquids?
taste
presence of discriminative stimuli that induce drinking
What else needs to be considered when looking at thirst?
alterations in motivational system may lead to excessive consumption
alcohol consumption isnt related to regulatory variables, but to learning
pure water is tasteless and has no purpose beyond water replenishment
How much of our water intake does our food intake account for?
20%
What are the main mechanisms regulating hunger?
homeostatic and metabolic
hypothalamus as main controler of hunger
What do the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus do in the context of hunger?
lateral: promotes ingestion
ventromedial: responsible for satiety
What needs to be considered when looking at hunger?
external stimuli condition intake regardless of physiological needs
-> variables like taste, odor or presence of food
hunger is different from eating behaviour
Which models on hunger are there?
Short-term physiological models: glycostatic hypothesis; explains onset and termination of hunger and eating
long-term physiological needs: body uses adipose mass as additional energy source to maintain energy balance
cognitive-social-environmental models: availability, odor, sight, culture, smell
What is a good approach for “diets”?
intuitive eating
What is sleep?
homeostatic motivational system responsible for sleep behaviour
-> one of the behaviours where physiological regulatory mechanisms exert most notable influence
What should be considered when looking at sleep?
life isnt possible without frequent, relatively long lasting periods of sleep
behaviour can significantly be altered
sleep disorders are highly succeptible to multiple variables (e.g. medication, diets, etc.)
What is sexuality?
considered as primary motivational system with homeostatic function
most species: physiologically determined by reproduction
humans: independence between reproduction and sexual behaviour -> physiological variables not determinant
What needs to be considered when looking at sexuality?
in humans: situational variables, behavioural habits, moral values, previous experiences
influenced but not determined by hormones
primary need because it’s essential for survival of SPECIES
What is sexual orientation?
continuum from exclusively heterosexual to bisexual to exclusively homosexual
not a conscious choice (influenced by genes and environment)
What does research focus on when looking at sexual orientation?
genetics and prenatal, hormonal exposure as possible factors
Why do we normally fail with self-regulation?
- underestimating the power of motivational force behind biological drives
- Unrealistic standards
Key to success (self-regulation)
realistic standards
long-term goals
monitoring actions
