Unit 4: primary needs

Question 1

What is a need?

Answer 1

any condition inherent to the person that’s essential for:
- life
- development
- well-being

Question 2

What happens if needs are met?

Answer 2

well-being maintained and enhanced

Question 3

What happens if needs are neglected?

Answer 3

hindrance of need produces damage disrupting physical or psychological well-being

Question 4

How do motivational states relate to needs?

Answer 4

provide desire to act before harm is done

Question 5

Physiological needs

Answer 5

inherent to functioning of biological systems

Question 6

Psychological needs

Answer 6

inherent to efforts of human nature and healthy development

Question 7

Social needs

Answer 7

internalised/ learned from emotional and socialisation histories

Question 8

How can you differ between psychological and social needs?

Answer 8

Psychological: inherent, oriented toward growth and adaptation (e.g. autonomy)
Social: Learned; preserve identity, beliefs, values and relationships (e.g. achievement)

Question 9

Do needs always occur alone?

Answer 9

no, can also occur simultaneously
-> more intense need satisfied first

Question 10

Pyramid of needs according to Maslow (highest to lowest)

Answer 10

Self-actualisation
esteen
Love/Belonging
Safety
Physiology

Question 11

What purpose does homeostasis serve?

Answer 11

maintaining biological constants and physiological functions within appropriate limits, despite alterations in internal or external environment

Question 12

What is thirst?

Answer 12

Self-regulatory mechanism that serves to maintain appropriate water level
->metabolic functions in the cell can be carried out

Question 13

What are the most relevant factors for the consumption of liquids?

Answer 13

taste
presence of discriminative stimuli that induce drinking

Question 14

What else needs to be considered when looking at thirst?

Answer 14

alterations in motivational system may lead to excessive consumption
alcohol consumption isnt related to regulatory variables, but to learning
pure water is tasteless and has no purpose beyond water replenishment

Question 15

How much of our water intake does our food intake account for?

Answer 15

20%

Question 16

What are the main mechanisms regulating hunger?

Answer 16

homeostatic and metabolic
hypothalamus as main controler of hunger

Question 17

What do the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus do in the context of hunger?

Answer 17

lateral: promotes ingestion
ventromedial: responsible for satiety

Question 18

What needs to be considered when looking at hunger?

Answer 18

external stimuli condition intake regardless of physiological needs
-> variables like taste, odor or presence of food
hunger is different from eating behaviour

Question 19

Which models on hunger are there?

Answer 19

Short-term physiological models: glycostatic hypothesis; explains onset and termination of hunger and eating
long-term physiological needs: body uses adipose mass as additional energy source to maintain energy balance
cognitive-social-environmental models: availability, odor, sight, culture, smell

Question 20

What is a good approach for “diets”?

Answer 20

intuitive eating

Question 21

What is sleep?

Answer 21

homeostatic motivational system responsible for sleep behaviour
-> one of the behaviours where physiological regulatory mechanisms exert most notable influence

Question 22

What should be considered when looking at sleep?

Answer 22

life isnt possible without frequent, relatively long lasting periods of sleep
behaviour can significantly be altered
sleep disorders are highly succeptible to multiple variables (e.g. medication, diets, etc.)

Question 23

What is sexuality?

Answer 23

considered as primary motivational system with homeostatic function
most species: physiologically determined by reproduction
humans: independence between reproduction and sexual behaviour -> physiological variables not determinant

Question 24

What needs to be considered when looking at sexuality?

Answer 24

in humans: situational variables, behavioural habits, moral values, previous experiences
influenced but not determined by hormones
primary need because it’s essential for survival of SPECIES

Question 25

What is sexual orientation?

Answer 25

continuum from exclusively heterosexual to bisexual to exclusively homosexual
not a conscious choice (influenced by genes and environment)

Question 26

What does research focus on when looking at sexual orientation?

Answer 26

genetics and prenatal, hormonal exposure as possible factors

Question 27

Why do we normally fail with self-regulation?

Answer 27

1. underestimating the power of motivational force behind biological drives
2. Unrealistic standards

Question 28

Key to success (self-regulation)

Answer 28

realistic standards
long-term goals
monitoring actions