Unit 4 - Plant & Animal Tissues Flashcards
Plant tissues are broken up into 2 main types, namely: _______ and ______.
Meristematic and permanent plant tissues
Name the 4 main types of Meristematic Plant Tissue.
- Apical Meristem
- Lateral Meristem
- Intercalary Meristem
- Cambium Meristem
Apical meristem is responsible for which kind of growth?
Upward or Primary Growth
Name the dermal tissue responsible for secondary growth in plants.
Lateral Meristem
List the properties of meristematic plant tissue.
- Small cells
- No intercelluar spaces
- Thin cell walls
- High metabolic activity
List the names of the 3 main categories of permanent plant tissue.
- Simple Permanent Plant Tissue
- Complex (Vascular) Permanent Plant Tissue
- Dermal Permanent Plant Tissue
List the characteristics of the epidermis.
- Found on Leaves, stems and roots
- Forms the outer layer of the plant organ, protecting lower layers
- Transparent for Photosynthesis
- On aerial parts of plant, is covered in a waxy cuticle to prevent moisture loss.
Give 2 examples of specialised epidermis tissue in plants.
- The guard cells of stoma
* Root hairs
How are stoma guard cells specialised?
These cells have the ability to open and close, permeating gaseous exchange.
How are root hairs on plant roots specialised?
The epidermis of roots can specialise to increase surface ares of the root via root hairs, allowing for more water absorption.
Define stomata.
Small holes on the leaf surrounded by 3 guard cells. They allow for gaseous exchange in the plant.
List the 3 types of Simple Permanent Plant Tissue.
- Parenchyma
- Sclerenchyma
- Collenchyma
List 4 characteristics of Parenchyma cells.
- Large cells
- Large intercelluar spaces
- Thin cell walls
- Large vacuoles (grants rigidity)
Give and explain another common name or Parenchyma.
They are also called Chlorenchyma as they contain high amounts of chloroplasts, giving them the main function of photosynthesis in plants.
List 3 functions of Parenchyma cells.
- Responsible for photosynthesis
- Responsible for most metabolic activity
- Stores starch
List 2 characteristics of Sclerenchyma cells.
- Found in areas of the plant that are done lengthening, as well as the leaves, stems and fruit
- Cells are evenly thickened with lignin
Make 1 comparison between Sclerenchyma and Parenchyma cells.
Parenchyma has the ability to lengthen, while Sclerenchyma cannot.
Make 2 comparisons between Sclerenchyma and Collenchyma cells.
- Sclerenchyma is more rigid than Collenchyma
* Sclerenchyma is evenly thickened, while Collenchyma is more unevenly thickened with lignin
In which kind of plants is Collenchyma present?
Young or Herbaceous plants
List the 2 kinds of Vascular Plant Tissue.
- Xylem
* Phloem
What is Xylem tissue made up of?
Xylem vessels and tracheids
Describe Xylem vessels in terms of their physical make up.
Xylem vessels are a series of elongated tubular cells connected end to end
List 2 functions of Xylem Tissue.
- Serves as a support and strengthening tissue
* Transports water in the plant
What is Phloem Tissue made up of?
Phloem sieve tubes and companion cells
Describe the relationship between the Phloem sieve tubes and companion cells.
Phloem sieve tubes have no nuclei and cannot perform metabolic functions. Thus, the companion cells, which have nuclei, perform all the metabolic activity for the sieve tubes.
What is the main function of Phloem Tissue?
Transports food around the plant.
List the 4 types of Animal Tissues.
- Epithelial Tissue
- Muscular Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
Epithelial tissue is divided into 5 main groups, namely…
- Squamous Epithelium
- Cuboidal Epithelium
- Columnar Epithelium
- Cilliated Columnar Epithelium
- Glandular Cilliated Columnar Epithelium
List the characteristics of Squamous Epithelium.
- Flat single cell layer of tissue
- Lines cavities (blood vessels, alveoli, mouth, oesophagus, etc.)
- Liquid and gas permeable
- Prevents friction
- Protects underlying layers
List the characteristics of Cuboidal Epithelium.
- Lines secretion and absorption glands (salivary, thyroid, sweat glands and renal tubules etc.)
- Cube shapes with rounded nuclei
- Secretes or absorbs useful substances
List the characteristics of Columnar Epithelium.
- Column shaped cells with elongated nuclei
- Have goblet cells embedded in them to secrete mucus
- Responsible for secretion, absorption and sensation
- Found in the alimentary canal
How do Cilliated Columnar Epithelium and regular Columnar Epithelium differ?
- Cilliated Columnar Epithelium is a form of adapted regular Columnar Epithelium where the end is lined with a fine hair called cillia
- Is found in the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, Fallopian tube and uterus
- Cillia serve the purpose of moving foreign substances away from the lungs
- In the uterus + Fallopian tube, the egg cells are moved from the Fallopian tube to the uterus
List the 3 subgroups of Connective Tissue.
- Proper Connective Tissue
- Skeletal Connective Tissue
- Fluid Connective Tissue
What are the 2 types of Proper Connective Tissue?
- Loose Proper Connective Tissue
* Dense Proper Connective Tissue
Where is Areolar Loose Proper Connective TIssue found?
Found under the skin in a continuous layer
State the main functions of Areolar Loose Proper Connective Tissue.
- Connects skin to underlying muscle
- Serves as an heat insulating material
- Protects organs
- Serves as packing tissue between other tissue and organs
Proper Connective Tissue is made up of 2 types of tissue fibres, namely…
- Yellow, elastic fibres
* White, inelastic collagen fibres
Describe the matrix of Areolar Loose Proper Connective Tissue.
A jelly like substance with both yellow, elastic and white, inelastic fibres present. Many types of cells are found in the matrix
What is Adepose Loose Proper Connective Tissue?
Loose Proper Connective Tissue found in between Arelolar Tissue
What are the 2 types of Dense Proper Connective Tissue?
- Tendon
* Ligaments
List 2 differences between Tendon and Ligaments.
- Tendon connects muscle to bone, while ligaments connect bone to bone
- Tendon is made of while, inelastic fibres, while ligaments are made of yellow, elastic fibres
Describe the general make up of Dense Proper Connective Tissue.
- Made of small amount of matrix and cells
* Made of large amounts of parallel fibres
What are the 2 types of Skeletal Connective Tissue?
- Cartilage
* Bone
Cartilage has 3 subclasses, namely…
- Hyaline Cartliage
- Fibrous Cartilage
- Elastic Cartilage
What is the main function of cartilage?
- Cushions joints where bones meet to prevent friction
- Connects bones
- In trachea, C-shaped Cartilage rings keep the trachea open
Describe cartilage in terms its cellular make up.
- Tough, rubbery matrix with fluid-filled spaces called laccunae
- Cartilage cells occur in groups of 4 in the laccunae
What are the main functions of bone?
- Form the endoskeleton of vertebrates
- Serves as a support structure
- Protects organs
- Attaches to muscles via tendon to facilitate movement
- Manufactures red blood corpuscles and stores fat and minerals
Describe bone tissue in reference to its cellular makeup.
- Matrix of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
- The matrix is large with living cells
- Each osteocyte (bone cell) is hosted in a separate laccunae
Define haversian canals.
A series of very small tubes found in the bone, housing the blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
Define Lanellae.
Concentric layers found around the haversian canals, containing the laccunae
Define Laccunae.
A fluid filled space in the matrix, each one housing a single osteocyte (bone cell)
Name the single liquid Connective Tissue.
Blood
What are the 2 types of Fluid Connective Tissue?
- Blood
* Lymph
What is the matrix of Blood Tissue?
Blood plasma, the yellowish white coloured fluid part of blood, is the blood matrix
Blood contains 3 types of cells, namely…
- Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
- White blood cells (leukocytes)
- Blood platelets (thrombocytes)
What is the function of Red Blood Cells?
Red blood cells contain haemoglobin, the pigment in blood that colours it red and, more importantly, allows oxygen to be held by the RBCs.
What are the functions of White Blood Cells?
White blood cells have 2 main subgroups with slightly different roles, namely:
• Lymphocytes - consume and digest bacteria
• Macrophages - produce antibodies
What do Platelets do in the body?
Platelets are not cells but rather pieces of other cells lacking nuclei. They are responsible for blood clotting in the body.
List the 3 types of Muscular Tissue.
- Skeletal (Striated) Muscular Tissue
- Smooth (Unstriated) Muscular Tissue
- Cardiac Muscular Tissue
Give one other name for Skeletal Muscular Tissue and explain it.
Skeletal Muscle Tissue is also called Striated Muscle Tissue, as they have a light and dark striped pattern adorning them
Describe the cellular make up of Striated Muscular tissue.
- Each Muscle fibre of the Striated Muscle Tissue has a special cytoplasm called sarcoplasm.
- They have a large number of oval-shaped nuclei and many mitochondria
- Enclosed by a special membrane called sarcolemma
- Each muscle fibre is made of thousands of microfibrals
How do Skeletal Muscles cause movement?
Striated muscles work in antagonistic pairs. This means that a striated muscle and its partner work together to cause movement. As one muscle contracts, the antagonist will relax, and vice versa. This process causes movement.
What is the function of Unstriated Muscular Tissue?
Unsriated Muscle is responsible for involentary movement in the body, excluding that of the heart.
Where is Unstriated Muscle found in the body?
Found in the blood vessels, bladder, uterus and alimentary canal
What is the function of Cardiac Muscular Tissue?
Cardiac Muscular Tissue is responsible for the involuntary movement of the heart
Describe the cellular make up of Cardiac Muscle Tissue.
- Made of many muscle fibres connects via muscular bridges
- Striated
- Has 1 nucleus per fibre
Which parts of the body make up the CNS?
- The Brain
* The Spinal Cord
Define the PNS.
• Any Nerve Tissue outside the CNS (central nervous system) is a part of the PNS (peripheral nervous system)
List and explain the functions of the 3 types of Neurons.
- Sensory neurons - conduct nerve impulses to the CNS
- Interneurons - Conduct nerve impulses in the CNS
- Motor neurons - Conduct nerve impulses to effectors from the CNS
