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STARBRIDGETOWN-GR10-BIOLOGY > Unit 4 - Plant & Animal Tissues > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Plant & Animal Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

Plant tissues are broken up into 2 main types, namely: _______ and ______.

A

Meristematic and permanent plant tissues

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2
Q

Name the 4 main types of Meristematic Plant Tissue.

A
  • Apical Meristem
  • Lateral Meristem
  • Intercalary Meristem
  • Cambium Meristem
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3
Q

Apical meristem is responsible for which kind of growth?

A

Upward or Primary Growth

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4
Q

Name the dermal tissue responsible for secondary growth in plants.

A

Lateral Meristem

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5
Q

List the properties of meristematic plant tissue.

A
  • Small cells
  • No intercelluar spaces
  • Thin cell walls
  • High metabolic activity
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6
Q

List the names of the 3 main categories of permanent plant tissue.

A
  • Simple Permanent Plant Tissue
  • Complex (Vascular) Permanent Plant Tissue
  • Dermal Permanent Plant Tissue
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7
Q

List the characteristics of the epidermis.

A
  • Found on Leaves, stems and roots
  • Forms the outer layer of the plant organ, protecting lower layers
  • Transparent for Photosynthesis
  • On aerial parts of plant, is covered in a waxy cuticle to prevent moisture loss.
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8
Q

Give 2 examples of specialised epidermis tissue in plants.

A
  • The guard cells of stoma

* Root hairs

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9
Q

How are stoma guard cells specialised?

A

These cells have the ability to open and close, permeating gaseous exchange.

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10
Q

How are root hairs on plant roots specialised?

A

The epidermis of roots can specialise to increase surface ares of the root via root hairs, allowing for more water absorption.

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11
Q

Define stomata.

A

Small holes on the leaf surrounded by 3 guard cells. They allow for gaseous exchange in the plant.

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12
Q

List the 3 types of Simple Permanent Plant Tissue.

A
  • Parenchyma
  • Sclerenchyma
  • Collenchyma
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13
Q

List 4 characteristics of Parenchyma cells.

A
  • Large cells
  • Large intercelluar spaces
  • Thin cell walls
  • Large vacuoles (grants rigidity)
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14
Q

Give and explain another common name or Parenchyma.

A

They are also called Chlorenchyma as they contain high amounts of chloroplasts, giving them the main function of photosynthesis in plants.

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15
Q

List 3 functions of Parenchyma cells.

A
  • Responsible for photosynthesis
  • Responsible for most metabolic activity
  • Stores starch
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16
Q

List 2 characteristics of Sclerenchyma cells.

A
  • Found in areas of the plant that are done lengthening, as well as the leaves, stems and fruit
  • Cells are evenly thickened with lignin
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17
Q

Make 1 comparison between Sclerenchyma and Parenchyma cells.

A

Parenchyma has the ability to lengthen, while Sclerenchyma cannot.

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18
Q

Make 2 comparisons between Sclerenchyma and Collenchyma cells.

A
  • Sclerenchyma is more rigid than Collenchyma

* Sclerenchyma is evenly thickened, while Collenchyma is more unevenly thickened with lignin

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19
Q

In which kind of plants is Collenchyma present?

A

Young or Herbaceous plants

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20
Q

List the 2 kinds of Vascular Plant Tissue.

A
  • Xylem

* Phloem

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21
Q

What is Xylem tissue made up of?

A

Xylem vessels and tracheids

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22
Q

Describe Xylem vessels in terms of their physical make up.

A

Xylem vessels are a series of elongated tubular cells connected end to end

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23
Q

List 2 functions of Xylem Tissue.

A
  • Serves as a support and strengthening tissue

* Transports water in the plant

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24
Q

What is Phloem Tissue made up of?

A

Phloem sieve tubes and companion cells

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25
Q

Describe the relationship between the Phloem sieve tubes and companion cells.

A

Phloem sieve tubes have no nuclei and cannot perform metabolic functions. Thus, the companion cells, which have nuclei, perform all the metabolic activity for the sieve tubes.

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26
Q

What is the main function of Phloem Tissue?

A

Transports food around the plant.

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27
Q

List the 4 types of Animal Tissues.

A
  • Epithelial Tissue
  • Muscular Tissue
  • Connective Tissue
  • Nervous Tissue
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28
Q

Epithelial tissue is divided into 5 main groups, namely…

A
  • Squamous Epithelium
  • Cuboidal Epithelium
  • Columnar Epithelium
  • Cilliated Columnar Epithelium
  • Glandular Cilliated Columnar Epithelium
29
Q

List the characteristics of Squamous Epithelium.

A
  • Flat single cell layer of tissue
  • Lines cavities (blood vessels, alveoli, mouth, oesophagus, etc.)
  • Liquid and gas permeable
  • Prevents friction
  • Protects underlying layers
30
Q

List the characteristics of Cuboidal Epithelium.

A
  • Lines secretion and absorption glands (salivary, thyroid, sweat glands and renal tubules etc.)
  • Cube shapes with rounded nuclei
  • Secretes or absorbs useful substances
31
Q

List the characteristics of Columnar Epithelium.

A
  • Column shaped cells with elongated nuclei
  • Have goblet cells embedded in them to secrete mucus
  • Responsible for secretion, absorption and sensation
  • Found in the alimentary canal
32
Q

How do Cilliated Columnar Epithelium and regular Columnar Epithelium differ?

A
  • Cilliated Columnar Epithelium is a form of adapted regular Columnar Epithelium where the end is lined with a fine hair called cillia
  • Is found in the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, Fallopian tube and uterus
  • Cillia serve the purpose of moving foreign substances away from the lungs
  • In the uterus + Fallopian tube, the egg cells are moved from the Fallopian tube to the uterus
33
Q

List the 3 subgroups of Connective Tissue.

A
  • Proper Connective Tissue
  • Skeletal Connective Tissue
  • Fluid Connective Tissue
34
Q

What are the 2 types of Proper Connective Tissue?

A
  • Loose Proper Connective Tissue

* Dense Proper Connective Tissue

35
Q

Where is Areolar Loose Proper Connective TIssue found?

A

Found under the skin in a continuous layer

36
Q

State the main functions of Areolar Loose Proper Connective Tissue.

A
  • Connects skin to underlying muscle
  • Serves as an heat insulating material
  • Protects organs
  • Serves as packing tissue between other tissue and organs
37
Q

Proper Connective Tissue is made up of 2 types of tissue fibres, namely…

A
  • Yellow, elastic fibres

* White, inelastic collagen fibres

38
Q

Describe the matrix of Areolar Loose Proper Connective Tissue.

A

A jelly like substance with both yellow, elastic and white, inelastic fibres present. Many types of cells are found in the matrix

39
Q

What is Adepose Loose Proper Connective Tissue?

A

Loose Proper Connective Tissue found in between Arelolar Tissue

40
Q

What are the 2 types of Dense Proper Connective Tissue?

A
  • Tendon

* Ligaments

41
Q

List 2 differences between Tendon and Ligaments.

A
  • Tendon connects muscle to bone, while ligaments connect bone to bone
  • Tendon is made of while, inelastic fibres, while ligaments are made of yellow, elastic fibres
42
Q

Describe the general make up of Dense Proper Connective Tissue.

A
  • Made of small amount of matrix and cells

* Made of large amounts of parallel fibres

43
Q

What are the 2 types of Skeletal Connective Tissue?

A
  • Cartilage

* Bone

44
Q

Cartilage has 3 subclasses, namely…

A
  • Hyaline Cartliage
  • Fibrous Cartilage
  • Elastic Cartilage
45
Q

What is the main function of cartilage?

A
  • Cushions joints where bones meet to prevent friction
  • Connects bones
  • In trachea, C-shaped Cartilage rings keep the trachea open
46
Q

Describe cartilage in terms its cellular make up.

A
  • Tough, rubbery matrix with fluid-filled spaces called laccunae
  • Cartilage cells occur in groups of 4 in the laccunae
47
Q

What are the main functions of bone?

A
  • Form the endoskeleton of vertebrates
  • Serves as a support structure
  • Protects organs
  • Attaches to muscles via tendon to facilitate movement
  • Manufactures red blood corpuscles and stores fat and minerals
48
Q

Describe bone tissue in reference to its cellular makeup.

A
  • Matrix of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
  • The matrix is large with living cells
  • Each osteocyte (bone cell) is hosted in a separate laccunae
49
Q

Define haversian canals.

A

A series of very small tubes found in the bone, housing the blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves

50
Q

Define Lanellae.

A

Concentric layers found around the haversian canals, containing the laccunae

51
Q

Define Laccunae.

A

A fluid filled space in the matrix, each one housing a single osteocyte (bone cell)

52
Q

Name the single liquid Connective Tissue.

A

Blood

53
Q

What are the 2 types of Fluid Connective Tissue?

A
  • Blood

* Lymph

54
Q

What is the matrix of Blood Tissue?

A

Blood plasma, the yellowish white coloured fluid part of blood, is the blood matrix

55
Q

Blood contains 3 types of cells, namely…

A
  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • White blood cells (leukocytes)
  • Blood platelets (thrombocytes)
56
Q

What is the function of Red Blood Cells?

A

Red blood cells contain haemoglobin, the pigment in blood that colours it red and, more importantly, allows oxygen to be held by the RBCs.

57
Q

What are the functions of White Blood Cells?

A

White blood cells have 2 main subgroups with slightly different roles, namely:
• Lymphocytes - consume and digest bacteria
• Macrophages - produce antibodies

58
Q

What do Platelets do in the body?

A

Platelets are not cells but rather pieces of other cells lacking nuclei. They are responsible for blood clotting in the body.

59
Q

List the 3 types of Muscular Tissue.

A
  • Skeletal (Striated) Muscular Tissue
  • Smooth (Unstriated) Muscular Tissue
  • Cardiac Muscular Tissue
60
Q

Give one other name for Skeletal Muscular Tissue and explain it.

A

Skeletal Muscle Tissue is also called Striated Muscle Tissue, as they have a light and dark striped pattern adorning them

61
Q

Describe the cellular make up of Striated Muscular tissue.

A
  • Each Muscle fibre of the Striated Muscle Tissue has a special cytoplasm called sarcoplasm.
  • They have a large number of oval-shaped nuclei and many mitochondria
  • Enclosed by a special membrane called sarcolemma
  • Each muscle fibre is made of thousands of microfibrals
62
Q

How do Skeletal Muscles cause movement?

A

Striated muscles work in antagonistic pairs. This means that a striated muscle and its partner work together to cause movement. As one muscle contracts, the antagonist will relax, and vice versa. This process causes movement.

63
Q

What is the function of Unstriated Muscular Tissue?

A

Unsriated Muscle is responsible for involentary movement in the body, excluding that of the heart.

64
Q

Where is Unstriated Muscle found in the body?

A

Found in the blood vessels, bladder, uterus and alimentary canal

65
Q

What is the function of Cardiac Muscular Tissue?

A

Cardiac Muscular Tissue is responsible for the involuntary movement of the heart

66
Q

Describe the cellular make up of Cardiac Muscle Tissue.

A
  • Made of many muscle fibres connects via muscular bridges
  • Striated
  • Has 1 nucleus per fibre
67
Q

Which parts of the body make up the CNS?

A
  • The Brain

* The Spinal Cord

68
Q

Define the PNS.

A

• Any Nerve Tissue outside the CNS (central nervous system) is a part of the PNS (peripheral nervous system)

69
Q

List and explain the functions of the 3 types of Neurons.

A
  • Sensory neurons - conduct nerve impulses to the CNS
  • Interneurons - Conduct nerve impulses in the CNS
  • Motor neurons - Conduct nerve impulses to effectors from the CNS

STARBRIDGETOWN-GR10-BIOLOGY (11 decks)

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