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STARBRIDGETOWN-GR10-BIOLOGY > Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two groups of Mineral salts?

A
  • Macroelements - Needed in Large quantities

* Microelements - Needed in very small quantity

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2
Q

Name the 4 Macroelements

A

Calcium (Ca), Potasssium (K), Sodium (Na) and Phosphorus (P)

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3
Q

What is the function of Calcium in the body?

A

Builds strong teeth and bones

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4
Q

What is the function of Phosphorus in the body?

A
  • Builds strong bones and teeth component.

* Important component of ATP, DNA and RNA

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5
Q

What is the function of Sodium in the body?

A
  • Water Balance

* Nerve and muscle function.

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6
Q

What is the function of Potassium in the body?

A
  • Water Balance

* Nerve and muscle function.

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7
Q

Name the 2 Microelements

A

Iron (Fe) and Iodine (I)

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8
Q

What is the function of Iron in the body?

A

Forms haemoglobin in animals and chlorophyll in plants

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9
Q

What is the function of Iodine in the body?

A

Serves as a central component of thyroxine

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10
Q

Which elements make up carbohydrates.

A

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) - normally where there are exactly double the Hydrogen than Carbon and Oxygen.

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11
Q

Give 4 examples of organic compounds

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Vitamins
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12
Q

What are the 3 types of Carbohydrates?

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
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13
Q

What are Monosaccharides and name 3 types?

A
  • Single ring structured carbohydrate

* Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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14
Q

What type of Disaccharide are formed when these Monosaccharides are joined

  1. Glucose + Glucose:
  2. Glucose + Fructose:
  3. Glucose + Galactose:
A
  1. Maltose
  2. Sucrose
  3. Lactose
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15
Q

What are Polysaccharides?

A

Long-chain of Monosaccharides. The way the chain folds and connects defines the type of polysaccharide.

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16
Q

What is Cellulose?

A

Polysaccharide serving as a main component of plant cell walls

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17
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

Polysaccharide found in animal cells

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18
Q

What are the functions of Carbohydrates?

A

Provide and store energy when needed

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19
Q

Which elements make up Lipids?

A

Carbon (C), Oxygen (O) and Hydrogen (H) - but more than double Hydrogen than Oxygen and
Carbon atoms.

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20
Q

What are the 3 functions of Lipids

A
  • Source of reserve energy
  • Insulating material
  • Shock absorption
  • Component of cell membrane
  • Waterproofing
  • Absorption of vitamin A, D, E and K
  • Source of Water
21
Q

Which elements do proteins contain?

A

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) and Nitrogen (N)

22
Q

What happens when proteins are exposed to high temperatures?

A

They lose their structure and function-denature

23
Q

Name 3 functions of proteins

A
  • Stores energy
  • Main component of enzymes
  • Building material in the body
  • Main component of hormones
  • Main component of haemoglobin
  • Produce antibodies
  • Main component of chromosomes
24
Q

What is the physical appearance of an individual if they have Marasmus?

A
  • Old-man appearance
  • Thin limbs
  • Very underweight
25
Q

What is the physical appearance of an individual if they have Kwashiorkor?

A
  • Swollen legs
  • Sparse hair
  • Swollen abdomen
  • Listless
26
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that act as catalysts (substances that speed up reactions)

27
Q

What is an Anabolic Reaction?

A

Anabolic reaction is an energy-consuming process where complex models are built from simple models

28
Q

What is a Catabolic Reaction?

A

Catabolic reaction results from the complex models being broken down, releasing energy

29
Q

What is a substrate?

A

Substance on which the enzymes act

30
Q

Define the property of enzymes to be substrate specific

A

Each enzyme can only react with a specific substrate

31
Q

True or False? Temperature effects enzymes

A

True

32
Q

Low temps make enzymes ____

A

Inactive

33
Q

At what temperature and higher do the enzymes lose their shape and its function.

A

40°C

34
Q

At what temperature do (most) enzymes function the best

A

37°C

35
Q

Enzymes denature at _______ ph levels

A

Extreme

36
Q

Which substance is used to test the presence of starch?

A

Iodine Solution

37
Q

What are the 2 reagents used for testing the presence of Carbohydrates?

A

Fehling’s A & B

Benedict’s solution

38
Q

What is the chemical formula for Biuret test?

A

CuSO4 (Copper Sulfate) + NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)

39
Q

For Vitamin A:

  1. What is the source?
  2. What us the deficiency disease?
A
  1. Yellow vegetables, fish oil, liver, egg yolk

2. Night blindness.

40
Q

For Vitamin B1:

  1. What is the source?
  2. What us the deficiency disease?
A
  1. Brown rice, bread, legumes

2. Nervous disorder

41
Q

For Vitamin C:

  1. What is the source?
  2. What us the deficiency disease?
A
  1. Citrus fruit, tomato, green leafy vegetables

2. Internal bleeding, Scurvy, bleeding gums

42
Q

For Vitamin D:

  1. What is the source?
  2. What us the deficiency disease?
A
  1. Oily fish, egg yolk, liver, milk

2. Rickets, soft bones and weakened skeleton

43
Q

What is a good source of Vitamin E?

A

Leafy vegetables

44
Q

What are the 2 main Inorganic compounds?

A

Water and Mineral Salts

45
Q

What is the difference between Organic and Inorganic compounds?

A

Inorganic compounds do not contain Carbon (C) and are not produced by living organisms, as compared to Organic compounds.

46
Q

Explain the process of starch absorption by animals

A

In the form of starch, animals cannot make use of the stored energy. Instead, any absorbed starch is broken down into glucose monomers. This glucose can be readily used. However, in the case of excess glucose being formed, the body releases insulin to convert the glucose into glycogen. When needed, glucagon is secreted to convert the glycogen back into glucose, and as thus the cycle continues.

47
Q

What are the functions of water in the body?

A
  • Acts as a solvent in which mineral salts can dissolve
  • All chemical reactions can take place in water
  • Breaks down polymers (Hydrolysis)
  • Acts as a transporting and lubricating agent
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Gives shape and rigidity to certain organisms
48
Q

Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated lipids

A
  • Saturated lipids, the unhealthier of the two, occurs when the carbon atoms are filled to their capacity with hydrogen atoms. They are solid at room temperature and are known as fats.
  • Unsaturated lipids, the healthier of the two, occurs when carbon atoms still have much space to bond with hydrogen atoms. They are liquid at room temperature and are known as oils.

STARBRIDGETOWN-GR10-BIOLOGY (11 decks)

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