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Health & Human Development > Unit 4 Outcome 1 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Outcome 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how are countries classified 3 and 3

A
  • low
  • middle
  • high

-economic
-social
-environmental

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2
Q

economic characteristics of low income countries

A
  • limited industries
  • large debt
    low average incomes
    limited trading with other countries
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3
Q

environmental characteristics of low income countries

A
  • limited infrastrucutre
    inadequate housing
    lack of access to food
    unsafe water
    limited sanitation
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4
Q

social characteristics of low income countries

A

high birth rates
high unemployment
low levels of education
lack of a social security system
inadequate health system
gender inequality
lower access to technology

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5
Q

what is a GNI per capita

A

used to classify countries. it is tge total value of goods and services a countries citizen produces

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6
Q

economic characteristics of high income countries

A

High average incomes
Opportunity for global trade
Wide range of industries
Lower levels of poverty

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7
Q

environmental characteristics of high income countries

A

Adequate housing
High level of carbon dioxide emissions
Access to water and sanitation
Food security
Adequate infrastructure

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8
Q

social characteristics of high income countries

A

Access to technology
Developed health systems
High levels if employment
Higher levels of gender equality
Developed legal system
Developed social security systems
High levels of education
Low birth rates and population growth

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9
Q

4 factors contributing to similarities and differences in countries

A
  • access to safe water
  • poverty
  • sanitation
  • inequality and discrimination
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10
Q

what is safe water

A

water that is not contaminated with disease causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals such as lead and mercury

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11
Q

4 diseases you can contract from unsafe water

A

gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, dysentery and cholera

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12
Q

cost of collecting water

A

Women spend 125million hours a day collecting water which is $24billion lost in economic benefits

collecting water increases:
-risk of injury
-time spent out of school
- risk of violence

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13
Q

impact of unsafe water on health and wellbeing and health status

A

lack of water:
- reduced ability to grow crop and feed livestock which reduces food availability
- increases risk of disease such as diarrhoea cholera and malaria
- lower life expectancy and higher under5 and infant mortaility rates.

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14
Q

what is discrimination

A

unjust treatment and the violation of rights of an individual due to factors such as their age, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation or socioeconomic status

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15
Q

what can discrimination result in

A

Reduces opportunities for education, employment and access to health care and a voice to governance of a country.
People may be charged with criminal offences, beated or executed
Woman experience a large proportion of the discrimination that impacts their health due to water collection, intensive farm work and prostitution
Woman may have few rights or none at all - land ownership, making decisions/voting, family planning and marriage
Women may be the subject of violence that is not illegal
Women may experience genital mutilation (culturally accepted in 85% of some countries)

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16
Q

what is sanitation

A

the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces,

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17
Q

what is the impact that sanitation has on health

A

In 2015 lack of sanitation contributed to over 800 000 deaths, or around 2% of all deaths globally.
Inadequate sanitation is one of the main causes of contaminated water supplies in low and middle income countries and leads to increase rate of DALY from infectious diseases, such as diarrhoea, cholera and typhoid

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18
Q

lack of sanitation impact on human development

A
  • menstruating girls dont attend schools
  • Repeated infections caused by inadequate sanitation require medical treatment such as cholera
  • children miss school from ingesting contaiminated water
  • girls are suspectible to sexual assault

decrease life expectancy and increased infant and u5 mortality rate

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19
Q

what is poverty

A

Poverty refers to deprivation or lack of resources
Resources including:
Food
Shelter
Safe water
Health care
education
Those living on less than a US$1.90 a day is considered extreme poverty
Those living on less than 50% of their countries average income is considered relative poverty.

20
Q

poverty and education

A

Reduced access to education results in lower literacy rates. This reduces opportunities for employment, perpetuating the cycle of poverty and the associated impacts such as limited access to food, water and health care, which contributes to higher rates of morbidity and premature mortality
Lower literacy rates results in lower levels of health literacy, which is a risk factor for ill-health and premature mortality from conditions associated with poverty such as HIV/AIDS

21
Q

poverty and health care

A

Poverty usually results in the inability of individuals, including children and pregnant women, to afford healthcare.
Few countries have a universal healthcare scheme such as Medicare, so only those who can afford to pay for healthcare can receive treatment.
As a result children in low and middle income countries are much more likely to die from conditions that are often easily treatable in high income countries like Australia.

22
Q

poverty and adequate housing

A

In many populations, especially in low and middle income countries, poverty means that many people live in adequate housing which contributes to ill health.
Adequate housing can reduce the risk of infectious diseases such as malaria by reducing exposure to the mosquitoes that spread it. Low income countries often lack adequate protection from such risks compared to high income countries.
A reliable electricity supply increases the ability of families to promote health and wellbeing and break the cycle of poverty by increasing opportunities for education, healthy food intake, access to technology and temperature control.

23
Q

what is sustainability?

A

Sustainability is defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

24
Q

what is economic sustainability

A

Ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future.
Adequate incomes also means that the government receives more funds through taxation and can provide public services to promote the health and wellbeing of its citizens.

25
Q

how does economic sustainability promote health and wellbeing

A

Ensuring that all people can earn a decent income
Increases the capacity of governments to provide services and infrastructure
Ensuring children can stay in school

26
Q

environmental sustainability

A

Related to ensuring that the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future.

27
Q

biodiversity and sustainability

A

Related to the variety of forms of life: the different plants, animals and microorganisms, the genes they contain and the ecosystems of which they form a part. The world’s ecosystem provide many of the processes and resources required for human health and wellbeing including:
- provision of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide
- protection of water resources
- nourishment of plants and animals that are used for food

28
Q

use of natural resources and sustainability

A

The manner in which natural resources are used must be considered to ensure sustainable biodiversity. The natural resources that humans use can be classified as either renewable or non-renewable
- children able to complete homework
- hospitals can function effectively
- less reliance on fossil fuels

29
Q

waste removal and pollution and sustainability

A

Adequate waste removal and maintaining environmental purity gas a number of benefits for health and wellbeing by:
Ensuring access to clean water - prevents infectious disease and promote physical hw
Providing nutrient rich soil

30
Q

climate change and sustainability

A

Global average surface temperature has increased in conjunction with rising sea levels, this affects weather patterns such as rainfall, drought, wind patterns and heatwaves.
Minimising climate change will be vital as:
Weather and rainfall patterns stables - reduce rate/severity of natural disasters
Sea levels stop riding - low lying areas will not be displaced
Communicable disease rates decrease
Ecosystems will be maintained - allows for clean water and nutrient rich soil

31
Q

social sustainability

A

Creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely
The underlying aim of social sustainability is to ensure that all people have their human rights upheld, can participate in the society in which they live, participate in decisions that affect their lives, and experience equal access to resources such as food, shelter, education, healthcare, employment, clean water, sanitation, clothing, recreation and leisure.

32
Q

sustainability: elimination of poverty and the provision of social protective systems

A

Although the economies of many countries are experiencing growth, unequal access to financial resources continues to create a divide between rich and poor.
In order for improvements in health and wellbeing to be sustainable, all people must be able to enjoy the benefits that can accompany economic growth.
- reduces risk of infectious disease
- increase mental wellbeing
- enables people to be better equipped to deal with misfortune

33
Q

sustainability and peace and security

A

A peaceful environment and society are essential for promoting optimal health and wellbeing. On the other hand, when a country is in conflict, its level of health and wellbeing may be significantly lower than in times of peace.
- financial resources are being directed to essential resources rather than war efforts
- environmental impact of war does not occur
- reduced long-lasting effects of war

34
Q

sustainability: promotion of political and legal rights

A

The opportunities available to society must be equitable for all people. Women, indigenous populations and ethnic minorities are often under-represented in governments and often do not have their rights upheld.
- develops policies that prevent discrimination and promote equal opportuntity
- addresses violence of women and this connects women spiritually

35
Q

sustainability: access to safe and decent working conditions

A

Safe and decent working conditions ensure that all people can access meaningful employment, including women, young people and those with disabilities. Currently, billions of people are either unemployed or working in conditions that violate their basic human rights and destroy their dignity.
- children able to stay in school
-fewer people forced into prostiution
- earn reliable income

36
Q

sustainability: gender equality

A

Women and girls must be able to access the same opportunities as men and boys in relation to education, employment, leadership and decision making. Gender equality means more educated people work productively, which promotore economic sustainability, an essential component of overall sustainability.
How does gender equality promote health and wellbeing
Improves physical health as women are less likely to experience injuries as a result of violence
Decreases stress levels as women are less worried about the impacts of violence and discrimination, promoting mental h&w
Improves social h&w as females will be more empowered to make their own decisions about their lives such as whether and whom they marry.

37
Q

global trends = 4 examples

A

Global trends are patterns of social, environmental and economic activity that will have an effect at some stage in the future and require further action to be taken at a global level.
Global trends include:
- Climate change (negative)
- Conflict and mass migration (negative)
- Increased world trade and tourism (both positive and negative)
- Digital technology that enable increased knowledge sharing (both positive and negative)

38
Q

what has climate change resulted in

A

rising sea levels
changing weather patterns
more extreme weather events

39
Q

Conflict and the result in mass migration

A

The consequences of conflict include scarcity of food and water, buildings like homes, schools and hospitals are damaged and people flee and become displaced.

40
Q

world trade and tourism

A

World trade allows for employment opportunities and income for individuals but may cause exploitation of works and there could be environmental damage
Tourism allows for local infrastructure improvements by governments like roads, sanitation and water but could cause overuse of a region causing environmental damage.

41
Q

Digital technologies that enable increased knowledge sharing

A

Information is more accessible than ever before people have access to phone which sends out warnings for emergencies, access health information, support groups

42
Q

what is human development

A

Reaching your full potential
People choosing own path
Being healthy enough and knowledgeable enough to follow a path
Living in decent conditions
Contributing to community

43
Q

what is the human development index

A

Human development index is a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries’ level of social and economic development.
Provides a single statistic based on three dimensions - a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living

44
Q

3 dimensions of hdi index

A

A long healthy life
Knowledge
A decent standard of living

45
Q

4 indicators of hdi index

A

Life expectancy at birth
Mean years of school
Expected years of schooling
Measured through GNI per capita

46
Q

advantages of hdi index

A

Takes into account more than just average incomes so it provides a more comprehensive representation of the level of human development experienced.
Provides a single statistics which makes comparison easier.
Effective for analysing progress over time
Has captured the attention of media, policy makers, communities and individuals and as a result, has raised awareness of the importance of human development. It helps people question and revise current policy choices

47
Q

limitations of the hdi index

A

The HDI only reflects selected aspects of human development and therefore does not capture the richness and depth of human development.
Aspects of human development that are not measured by the HDI induce gender equality, freedom of speech, freedom of employment, levels of discrimination, empowerment, access to resources, social exclusion and political participation.
People’s feelings about issues in society are not considered
Collecting data is complex and reliability is a challenge to obtain.
Comparisons within a country is difficult as data is collected at a national level

Health & Human Development (6 decks)

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