outcome 2 unit 3 Flashcards
changes in life expectancy over time
Life expectancy data over time shows that significant improvements in health status have been made, with males expected to live 81.2 years in 2022 compared to 53.8 years in 1900
what is public halth
relates to the actions of governments to promote health and wellbeing and prevent the spread of disease
what is old public health
Government that focuses on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of diseases.
3 examples of action that were undertaken to improve health during old public health
- Providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal - reduces risk of infectious disease
- Improved nutrition - rasiing awareness of food hygeine improves better physical health as they have better resistance to infectious diseases and better ability to recover
- Better work conditions - minimum wages reduces poverty related illness
5 defining features of the biomedical model
- relatively expensive
- focuses on the disease itself and not the factors that contribute to disease
- responsible for many developments in medical technology and knowledge
- It focuses on individuals with disease not the whole population
- It accounts for a large proportion of the health budget
3 strengths and weaknesses of the biomedical model of health 4
- Created advances in technology and research to diagnose and treat health conditions. (pathology tests, x rays, MRI, CAT scan) but relies of professional health workers and tech so is costly
- Many common health conditions can be effectively cured and treated but doesnt always promote good health
- Extends life expectancy by intervening in health conditions that often results in early mortality but not every condition can be treated
- Improves quality of life for people living with a health condition by decreasing the impact of the condition such as managing symptoms or pain with medication and other treatments. but it represents a big cost to the government
what is new public health
An approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour to one that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health, also referred to as the social model of health.
what is the social model of health
An approach that recognises improvements in health and wellbeing can only be achieved by directing effort towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments of health that have an impact on individual and population groups.
3 examples of changes due to the social model of health
- Creating laws that promote health and wellbeing such as -smoking bans and road safety laws.
- Education campaigns such as the TAC TV ads, sunsmart.
- Empowering people by providing information about health foods through the health star rating system and educating people how to read food labels.
5 defining features of the social model of health
- Can improve health status of disadvantaged groups
- Can prevent diseases from occurring in the first place
- Focuses on the broader determinants of health
- Focusesses on communities and groups rather than individuals
- Relatively inexpensive
strengths and weaknesses of the social model of health 4
- It promotes good health and wellbeing and assists in preventing diseases but not every condition can be prevented
- It promotes overall health and wellbeing but it does not promtoe the development of technology and medical knowledge
- It is less expensive than the biomedical approach bit it does not address health concerns of the individual
- Education can be passed on from generation to generation but health promotion messages may be ignored.
5 principles of the social model
- Intersectoral Collaboration
- Addresses the broader determinants of health
- Empowers individual communities
- Acts to increase access to health care
- Acts to reduce social inequalities
intersectoral collaboration
The greatest gains in health will be made if many sectors work together.
eg. tac working with …
Addresses the broader determinants of health
Factors such as education, income, occupation, housing, access to healthcare and cultural barriers play a significant role in health outcomes and must be addressed to produce optimal health and wellbeing.
Example: indigenous health campaigns.
Empowers individual communities
Individuals and communities are more likely to embrace health programs if they play a part in the planning and delivery of different initiatives. They should also be given the skills and resources that they require to improve their health and wellbeing.
Example: healthy eating programs at schools
Acts to increase access to health care
Many people still lack access to health care for a variety of reasons; cultural, economic, geographic, education, transport and language etc. These barriers must be addressed in order to promote health and wellbeing.
Example: breast cancer vans that travel around Australia
Acts to reduce social inequalities
In order to improve health and wellbeing in disadvantaged groups, these inequities must be specifically targeted.
Example: welfare payments.
the ottawa charter 1986
The Ottawa Charter aims to assist government and non-governmental organisations in implementing the social model of health. Health promotion is the focus of the Ottawa Charter.
three strategies from ottawa charter + examples
- Advocate
Acting on behalf of those who need help to navigate life and navi\gate it in a way that best improves healths
Examples: Social media campaigns, publishing research, lobbying governments - Enable
Empower with knowledge, access to information and opportunities.
Examples: access to education, empowering people through campaigns, access to resources. - Mediate
Coordinating the groups who contribute to better healthy outcomes.
Examples: changes to funding, legislations and laws.
action areas of ottawa charter 5
- Building healthy public policy
- Create supportive environments
- Strengthen community actions
- Develop personal skills
- Reorient health services
what is medicare
- Medicare is Australia’s Universal Health Insurance Scheme.
- It is the responsibility of the Federal government
- Medicare gives all Austalians permanent access to subsidised healthcare.
- Subsidised means that Medicare covers all or some of the cost of essential healthcare.
what is the medicare levy
The medicare levy is an additional 2% tax placed on the taxable income of most taxpayers
5 services covered by medicare, 4 services not covered by medicare
Are covered:
fee -free treatment and accommodation in public hospitals
Pathology such as blood and urine tests
Eye tests performed by optometrists
X rays
Most surgical and other therapeutic procedures performed by general practitioners
not covered:
Ambulance services
Home nursing care or treatment
Most dental examinations and treatment
Cosmetic surgery
what is bulk billing
When there is no co-payment required by the patient. The doctor charges a medicare for the treatment and accepts what they are prepared to pay. Health care card holders normally end up bulk billed.
out vs in hopsital expenses
Out of hospital expenses
Health care not in a hospital
Medicare will pay all or some of the fees relating to many essential healthcare services.
The medicare benefits schedule
The MBS is a document that lists the range of services covered.
It indicated how much medicare will contribute to costs
This is known as a schedule fee. The schedule fees are based on the amount that is thought to be reasonable on average for that particular service.
In hospital expenses
As a public patient in a public hospital, accommodation and treatment by doctors and specialists is covered by Medicare, including initial treatment and aftercare.
If an individual chooses to be admitted to private hospital or as a private patient in a public hospital, medicare will contribute 75% of the schedule fee for treatment by doctors and specialists
medicare safety net
Provides additional financial assistance for those that incur significant out of pocket costs for Medicare services
advantages 4 and limitations 3 of medicare
Advantages of Medicare
- Choice of doctor for out of hospital services
- Available to all australian citizens
- Reciprocal agreement between Australia and other countries allows citizens to access free healthcare in selected countries.
- Medicare safety net is in place
Limitations of Medicare
- No choice of doctor for in hospital treatments
- Waiting list for many treatments does not cover alternative therapies
- Often does no cover full amount of doctors visit
what is the pharmaceutical benefiuts scheme
The purpose of the pharmaceutical benefits scheme is to subsidise the cost of essential medicines for Australians (includes anyone covered by Medicare.)
Not all prescriptions are covered
The federal government funds the PBS and an independent government body recommends what should and should not be covered by the scheme Pharmaceutical benefits advisory committee.
private health insurance
Private Health Insurance is a type of insurance under which members pay a premium in return for the insurance company paying some of the health related costs not covered by medicare. It is additional insurance that can be purchased on top of medicare that some people choose to buy
private health insurance incentives
3
In order to encourage people back into private health insurance the government introduced a number of incentives.
- Private health insurance rebate - based on income, some people with private health insurance are eligible for a rebate from the federal government ranging from 9-27%
- Lifetime cover - those who take out insurance after the age of 31 pay an extra 2% on their premium for every year they are over the age of 30
- The medicare levy surcharge - high income earners who do not have private health insurance pay a higher premium. This is income tested so those with higher incomes pay a higher surcharge.
3 advantages and disadvantages of private health insurance
Advantages and Disadvantages
- Enable access to private hospital care but costly in terms of premiums that have to be paid
- Choice of doctor in both public or private hospital but sometimes insurance doesn’t cover the whole fee
- Shorter waiting times for some medical procedures but qualifying periods apply for some conditions
ndis
The NDIS is a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities, and their families and carers.
Funded by the federal and state/territory governments, the NDIS works to assist individuals with disabilities to live an ordinary life.
eligibility for NDIS
To be eligible for the NDIS, a person must be aged under 65 and meet both the residency and disability requirements.
The residency requirements are twofold:
Be an australian citizen or hold a permanent visa or a protected special category visa
Live in Australia where the NDIS is available.
The disability requirements are fourfold:
You have an impairment or condition that is likely to be permanent
Your impairment substantially reduces your ability to participate effectively in activities, or perform tasks or actions unless you have
Assistance from others
Assistive technology or equipment
You can’t participate effectively even with assistance or aids and equipment
Your impairment affects your capacity for social and economic participation
You are likely to require support under the NDIS for your lifetime.
NDIS focus
Develop individualised plans based on goals and aspirations
Such a greater independence, community involvement, employment, improved health outcomes.
Identifies the functional support needed for daily living and participation
Support required to pursue goals
Access mainstream services and supports
Access community services and support
Maintain informal support arrangements
Receive reasonable and necessary funded support.
importance of eating healthy
The food people consume both the type and portion is a factor that contribute to health (positive or negative)
australian dietary guidelines 5
- To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs.
- Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from these five groups every day (vegetables, fruits, grains, lean meats and milk.)
- Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugar and alcohol
- Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding
- Care for your food; prepare and store it safely
nutrition australia
Its mission is to promote optimal health and wellbeing for all Australians by encouraging food variety and physical activity. It is a NON-GOVERNMENT organisation
objectives of nutrition australia 3
- Act as a source of scientific information on key nutrition issues
Produce and disseminate material on nutrition to policy makers, the media, educators, the food and consumers - Act as consultants to government departments, the food industry and consumer groups as required on issues related to food and nutrition
- Encourage innovation in the dissemination of nutritional knowledge
layers of the healthy eating pyramid
Two foundational layers: plant based foods that are high in vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates.
A middle layer: food groups high in calcium and protein
A top layer: monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats in moderation
what work does nutrition australia do? 3
- develop educational resources
- publish recipes
- national nutrition week
5 challenges in dietary changes
- food security
- willpower
- education
- food marketing
- influence of family and culture
ottawa - building healthy public policy + example
Laws and policies can be made by governments and non government organisations that promote health. (seat belt laws and no hat no play)
ottawa- create supportive environments + example
Sociocultural and physical environments should be manipulated so that healthier choices are made easier. (reducing the price of fresh food or installing bicycle paths.)
ottawa - strengthen community action +example
maximum benefits to health are achieved when all groups work together to achieve a common goal. Government and non-government and the private sector should work together to promote public health. (Road safety, TAC)
ottawa - develop personal skills + example
Education (teaching people how to select and prepare health foods)
ottawa - reorient health services + example
The health system must change focus to health promotion instead of just focusing on treating disease (doctors prescribing exercise)
road safety
Road safety related to interventions put in place to reduce the risk of crashes, deaths and injury caused to individuals as a result of using roads. Road users include pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists and drivers and occupants of cars.
why are there so many road crashes
Driver fatigue, distraction and error
Non-compliance with road laws
Infrastructure
Vehicle quality
government laws and policies as a health promotion strategy
how does it affect ottawa
Seat belt laws, random breath testers, speed cameras.
Creates a supportive environment (through breath tests which reduces number of drivers affected by alcohol and drugs) and
builds healthy public policies (by red light and speed cameras which assist in reducing average speeds)
tac campaigns as a health promotion strategy, how does it affect ottawa
Provides resources to target speeding and drinking and provides public education programs.
Campaigns work to develop personal skills relating to young drivers, fatigue and drug driving.
Through a partnership with Road Trauma Support Services, TAC assists in reorienting health services as Ambulance officers generally assist in the program.
why is road safety targetted
Road accidents kill thousands of Australians and all road accidents are considered preventable. The long-term impact of road accidents can be significant and can contribute to chronic health concerns that inhibit people’s ability to participate in social and economic life.
kids on the move, how does it affect ottawa
Develops personal skills of children by assisting them in core road-safety education programs in Victorian primary schools.
strengthens community action as all members of the community are encouraged to share the responsibility for the safety of children when they are travelling.
