Unit 4 Notes

Question 1

What are many LIC and NEE economies shifting to?

Answer 1

The secondary and tertiary sectors.

Question 2

What are the pull factors of globalisation in Vietnam?

Answer 2

No incentive to hire illegal workers, company has to pay for illegal workers if found, business as a taxi driver for some employees is unreliable.

Question 3

What are the push factors of globalisation in Vietnam?

Answer 3

Clean environment, free or subsidised meals, incentive to work hard, cheaper labour, illegal work in children has dropped by 2.2 million.

Question 4

How is the shortage of farmland a push factor?

Answer 4

Subsistence farms are too small to support farmers and their families, 60% of farms are under half a hectare, below the recommended size of a hectare.

Question 5

How are farming improvements a push factor?

Answer 5

Most farmers are poor, can’t afford new machinery, pesticides and chemicals. Improved methods can lead to a loss of jobs.

Question 6

How are poor living conditions a push factor?

Answer 6

Too many people for food available, high natural growth rate. Too little food, housing is dilapidated, cramped conditions.

Question 7

How are natural disasters a push factor?

Answer 7

Some farmers have very insecure ways of life, frequent and natural occurrence of natural disasters, people move to the city for a more secure life.

Question 8

How are employment conditions a pull factor?

Answer 8

Cities in LIC’s have a greater range of employment opportunities. Industry is mainly situated in urban areas, as well as the tertiary sector. Factory workers earn 3x as much as farmers.

Question 9

What is the background information on rural-urban migration to china?

Answer 9

It’s the largest single migration event anywhere on earth - over 240 million people have moved since 1980’s.

Question 10

What was rural-urban migration driven by in China?

Answer 10

Economic growth in China, resulting from a global shift in the manufacturing sector.

Question 11

What are the issues with China’s population distribution?

Answer 11

Far higher population growth in the east coast than the west coast. Urban population has grown above rural population to 1 billion.

Question 12

What are the fastest growing Chinese cities?

Answer 12

Foshan, Taizhou, Puning, Shenzhen, Dongguan.

Question 13

How much did the fastest growing cities grow?

Answer 13

12.4x, 9.6x, 8.6x, 7.4x, 7x.

Question 14

What % of China’s population live in the East, compared to the West?

Answer 14

95% in the east, 3.69% in the west. Eastern province is densely populated because it has flat fertile land with good transport rates, and main cities which offer jobs and services.

Question 15

What % of migrant workers are employed in the manufacturing industry?

Answer 15

44%.

Question 16

What % of migrant workers are employed in construction?

Answer 16

28%.

Question 17

What is the average first age of migration?

Answer 17

17.2.

Question 18

What are the push factors from rural areas in China?

Answer 18

Lack of pay, lack of opportunity, tired of being in school, want to explore the world.

Question 19

What are the pull factors to Chinese cities?

Answer 19

More money, better social life, education and opportunities, academic investment, access to training and education.

Question 20

What was the Hukou System?

Answer 20

A system which punished people for moving to urban areas.

Question 21

What were the characteristics of the Hukou System?

Answer 21

Introduced in 1958, controlled access to key services, population were defined as rural or urban, depending on where their family live.

Question 22

What did rural residents face if they moved?

Answer 22

A lack of rights, lack of access to high paying jobs, hard to find a partner and family.

Question 23

How many people lived in Urban areas without Hukou entitlement in 2010?

Answer 23

200 million - The floating population.

Question 24

What was Beijing’s population in 1982, and what is it now?

Answer 24

1982 - 9 Million. 2024 - 20 Million.

Question 25

Why are Shanty towns a concern?

Answer 25

Poor air quality, disease spreading, poor standards of construction, high crime rates.

Question 26

What are the political consequences of Shanty towns?

Answer 26

Beijing authorities announced $81 Billion for a shanty town renovation project. 230,000 households affected from renovations, most residents have to leave their homes.

Question 27

Where do many people now live, since the Hukou system?

Answer 27

Underneath the city - ‘The rat tribe,’ where they can’t control the temperature of their own apartments.

Question 28

What happened in 2010?

Answer 28

It became illegal for basements to be used for migrants. People began to be evicted, and housing authorities tightened their regulation.

Question 29

How many cars were on the road in Beijing in 2003?

Answer 29

Over 2 Million.

Question 30

How many cars were on the road in Beijing in 2017?

Answer 30

6 Million.

Question 31

How long does the average commuter spend in traffic in Beijing?

Answer 31

100 minutes.

Question 32

What are the positive economic consequences of rural - urban migration?

Answer 32

GDP growth has always been positive, the growth rate increased by 100% after 2009.

Question 33

What happened to wealth inequality from 2000 to 2004?

Answer 33

Urban wealth increased, but rural wealth didn’t, meaning the relative wealth gap increases largely.

Question 34

What happened to the wealth gap from 2004 to 2009?

Answer 34

The relative gap increases less quickly, as rural wealth increases.

Question 35

What happened to the wealth gap from 2009 to 2012?

Answer 35

Rural wealth increases more quickly, so the relative wealth gap decreases.

Question 36

How much do migrant workers send to families annually?

Answer 36

Around £400.

Question 37

What % of their incomes did rural families send home in 2003?

Answer 37

18%.

Question 38

Why is the 1:2:4 problem problematic?

Answer 38

Most Chinese children typically care for their parents, meaning only a small amount of government resources are directed towards elderly care.

Question 39

What was China’s elderly population projected to be in 2010, 2020, and 2050?

Answer 39

2010 - 167 Million. 2020 - 248 Million. 2050 - 437 Million.

Question 40

How many working age people were there projected to be in 1975, 2010, and 2050?

Answer 40

1975 - 7.7.
2010 - 5.4.
2050 - 1.6.

Question 41

What were the social difficulties with rural - urban migration?

Answer 41

Younger parents had to leave their children with their grandparents, putting strain on families - Called the ‘left behind children,’ who aren’t as psychologically developed, or socially developed as their peers.