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Migration > Unit 3 Notes > Flashcards

Unit 3 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a refugee?

A

Someone fleeing conflict or persecution, defined and protected in international law, must not be expelled or returned to situations where their life is at risk.

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2
Q

What are the causes of refugees?

A

Conflict, Discrimination, Natural disasters, Climate refugees.

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3
Q

What are the differences between Asylum seekers and refugees?

A

Asylum seekers are people who wish to be classified as refugees, claiming to be victims of persecution, Asylum seekers aren’t recognised by the UN, Asylum seekers try to reach wealthy, developed nations. Asylum seekers are detained on temporary accommodation.

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4
Q

Why do asylum seekers try to reach wealthy nations?

A

Safer countries, more stable government, better quality of life, better education.

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5
Q

Why may some people have negative views on asylum seekers?

A

Due to previous asylum behaviour, the media, illegal immigration, concerns of overpopulation.

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6
Q

Why may people’s views of asylum seekers differ?

A

If they know the reasons why some people flee their countries of origin.

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7
Q

What are the causes of refugee movements?

A

Natural disasters, economic policy such as land grabs, war and persecution.

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8
Q

What are natural disasters?

A

Floods, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, earthquakes, causing people to move within their own countries, and become internally displaced, or become international refugees.

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9
Q

What are Land grabs?

A

Corrupt government officials sell land within their country, to large global agribusinesses, who grow energy crops on the land for profit, large mining companies who exploit the land for metals.

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10
Q

What is the case study for land grabs?

A

Gambella, Ethiopia.

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11
Q

How much land has been grabbed in Gambella?

A

100,000 hectares.

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12
Q

Which company have grabbed the land, and what do they want to do with it?

A

Karuturi global leased the land, land grabbed was to be used for growing and processing crops, including corn, sugar cane and palm oil.

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13
Q

Which tribe have suffered as a result, and how many have suffered?

A

The Anauk tribe, 1.5 million people have suffered.

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14
Q

What is the case study for war and persecution?

A

The arab spring.

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15
Q

How did the Arab spring start?

A

Police stopped a vendor from selling his wares on the street, setting himself on fire, people denouncing the government.

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16
Q

Which countries had minor protests?

A

Mauritian-a, Saudi Arabia, Sudan.

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17
Q

Which countries had major protests?

A

Algeria, Kuwait, Iraq.

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18
Q

Which countries had civil war?

A

Syria, Iraq, Libya, Lebanon, Turkey.

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19
Q

How does war cause migration?

A

It creates refugees, as people are fleeing from conflict, going to other countries.

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20
Q

How did the Syrian civil war start, how many people have been killed and displaced?

A

Started in march 2011, as a result of the Arab Spring. Nearly 600,000 people have been killed, 13 million have been forcibly displaced.

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21
Q

Who is fighting who in the
Syrian Civil war?

A

Free Syrian army, formed in 2011 by civilians, firefighters with links to al-qaeda. Moderate islamists, government controls homs and homa.

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22
Q

What are the push factors from Syria?

A

Diseases and Malnutrition, Education, Child Marriage and Abuse.

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23
Q

How many children haven’t been able to attend school since the civil war?

A

2 Million.

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24
Q

Where did displaced Syrian people move to?

A

50% - Other parts of Syria, 40% - Neighbouring Countries, 10% - Other EU countries.

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25
Q

Which EU countries have taken in the highest number of Syrian refugees?

A

Serbia - 33.96%. Germany - 23.67%. Sweden - 11.49%. UK - 0.95%.

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26
Q

What are the management issues for Syria?

A

NGO’s such as world vision, IGO’s such as UNHCR, National governments with large numbers of migrants.

27
Q

What are world vision doing in Syria?

A

World vision reached more than 1.9 million people in 2022, 95% were children. Promoted safe hygiene habits and rehabilitation projects, Supported 3.6 million people in NW syria for emergency healthcare, reached over 2.8 million people in 2023.

28
Q

What work is the UNHCR doing in Syria?

A

Provide life saving humanitarian aid, provide cash for medicine, other necessities, Stores fuel for heating, insulation, thermal blankets, helps refugees with access to clean water and sanitation.

29
Q

What are the reasons so many asylum seekers go to Greece?

A

Close to middle east, physically attractive, economic incentive - more wealthy country, tourist destination, good connections to mainland Europe.

30
Q

What happened to the number of asylum seekers arriving in Germany over time?

A

It increased from around 500 per month in 2011, to 5000 in 2014, to 100,000 in 2015.

31
Q

Why have some German people become concerned about levels of migration?

A

Pressure on schools and healthcare, lots of support needed for refugees of war.

32
Q

What happened in Cologne in 2015?

A

An immigrant gang assaulted a woman on new year’s eve, changed opinion in Germany.

33
Q

What is Pegida?

A

An anti islamic movement due to a large influx of migrants from Syria. Led to protests against Germany’s ‘Open door’ policy.

34
Q

What was the EU - Turkey deal?

A

The EU decided to close their borders in 2016, stopping refugees from coming in.

35
Q

What does the EU Turkey deal ensure?

A

All irregular migrants crossing Turkey into Greece from March 2016 will be sent back, each individual will be assessed. The EU compensated Turkey with a one-for-one for each syrian returned to turkey, another Syrian would be resettled in the EU.

36
Q

How many experts arrived in Greece to enforce a deal?

A

2300.

37
Q

What was the aim of the EU Turkey deal?

A

Hoped that people would be discouraged from making dangerous journeys by sea.

38
Q

What did Turkey receive from the EU as a result?

A

Aid and political concession.

39
Q

How many migrants have arrived in Turkey since 2015?

A

1 Million, 143,000 in 2016.

40
Q

How many migrants were there in 2014 from the mediterranean to Europe?

A

219,000 - 3500 dead/missing.

41
Q

How many migrants were there in 2015?

A

411,567 - 2900 dead/missing.

42
Q

What are the top 5 nationalities of EU mediterranean migration?

A

Syria - 50%. Afghanistan - 13%. Eritrea - 8%. Nigeria - 4%. Somalia - 3%.

43
Q

Why is it difficult to stop instances of drowning?

A

This is the largest refugee crisis since WWII. 50% of refugees in 2015 were Syrian.

44
Q

What are the positive social impacts of Syrian Migration?

A

People discouraged from making dangerous journeys, Birth rate has increased in Turkey, combatting an ageing population. 3.2 million more people - diffusion of culture.

45
Q

What are the positive economic impacts?

A

EU members are funding EU facilities for refugees - £3 Billion. European commission is providing £348 to an emergency safety social net - a scheme allowing up to 1 million.

46
Q

What are the positive political impacts?

A

Led to collaboration between recipients and countries addressing the crisis, provides the chance for some countries to be led by example.

47
Q

What are the negative social impacts?

A

Increase in gang crime and sexual violence, people drowned during journeys, families split up, child exploitation, mentally scarring experiences.

48
Q

What are the negative economic and political impacts?

A

Loss of generation, and consumers for Syrian economy. Rise of right wing politics.

49
Q

How many Ukrainians were in Europe in 2024, compared to the rest of the world?

A

5,900,000 in Europe. 550,000 in the rest of the world.

50
Q

How many Ukrainian refugees are there globally?

A

6,500,000 - 1.2 million in Germany, 956,000 in Poland, 339,000 in Czech Republic.

51
Q

What is the homes for Ukraine scheme?

A

Allows ukrainian nationals and their families to the UK if they’ve been invited by a British host.

52
Q

How does the homes for Ukraine scheme work?

A

You register your interest for a host - ask who lives in their household, and what they can offer with accommodation. Data driven approach matches potential hosts with refugees based on availability of households.

53
Q

How does drought and climate change lead to migration?

A

Competition over land, leading to land grabs, exacerbated by drought, desertification, and a shrinking water surplus.

54
Q

What is an example of migration due to climate change?

A

Millions of refugees moved to escape drought in the Horn of Africa.

55
Q

What were the top 5 countries for Italian asylum in 2009-2015?

A

Nigeria - 32,065. Pakistan - 20,535. Mali - 18,120. The Gambia - 15,370. Afghanistan - 11,365.

56
Q

What were the top 5 countries for Greek asylum in 2009-2015?

A

Pakistan - 14,585. Afghanistan - 7,200. Georgia - 6,330. Bangladesh - 6,205. Syria - 4,750.

57
Q

What does the 1951 refugee convention do?

A

Forms the basis of all UN work in support of refugees, defines refugee, outlines rights of refugees.

58
Q

What does the 1954 stateless person act do?

A

Ensures that stateless people enjoy a minimum set of human rights, established human rights, minimum standards of treatment for stateless people.

59
Q

What do UN troops do?

A

Since 1999, up to 30,000 UN troops have been stationed in DRC - The largest ever deployment of UN troops. Peacekeeping troops are drawn from armed forces of member states.

60
Q

What were the largest asylum seekers groups in Germany, and what is the acceptance rate?

A

23% Syrian, 14% Serbian, 8% Eritrean. 42% acceptance rate, 3 month wait before being allowed to work.

61
Q

What were the largest asylum seeker groups in Sweden, and what was the acceptance rate?

A

40% Syrian, 10% stateless, 8% Eritrean. 77% acceptance rate. Can start work immediately.

62
Q

What were the largest asylum seeker groups in Hungary, and what was the acceptance rate?

A

51% Serbian, 21% Afghan, 16% Syrian. 9% acceptance rate, 9 month wait before starting work.

63
Q

What are the largest asylum seeker groups in the UK, and what is the acceptance rate?

A

13% Eritrean, 11% Pakistani, 8% Syrian. 39% acceptance rate, 12 month wait before starting work.

64
Q

What were the largest asylum seeker groups in the USA, and what is the acceptance rate?

A

12% Mexican, 11% Chinese, 8% El Salvador. 30% acceptance rate, 6 month wait before being allowed to work.

Migration (8 decks)

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