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Migration > Unit 2 Notes > Flashcards

Unit 2 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is an international economic migrant?

A

A person who moves voluntarily from one country to another to improve their standard of living.

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2
Q

Which countries have the most net immigration?

A

USA, UK ,UAE.

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3
Q

Which countries have the most net emigration?

A

Bangladesh, Mexico, Morocco.

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4
Q

What are the push factors from poorer to wealthier nations?

A

War, Inequality, Deportation.

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5
Q

What are the pull factors to wealthier nations?

A

Economic opportunity, language, colonial links.

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6
Q

What is a Diaspora?

A

The movement and spreading of a large number of people from one part of the world to another, transferring their culture.

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7
Q

Why has the UK experienced a diaspora of different people?

A

Due to the British Empire.

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8
Q

How was the commonwealth established?

A

The London declaration 1949.

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9
Q

What did the London declaration do?

A

It gave members of the commonwealth the right to migrate to the UK under the British Nationality Act 1948.

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10
Q

What did the UK do for people of the commonwealth after the war?

A

Invited people from the commonwealth to join the workforce.

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11
Q

What did the influx of migrants lead to?

A

The commonwealth immigrants act 1962.

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12
Q

What did the commonwealth immigrants act 1962 mean?

A

Only those with permits to work could stay.

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13
Q

What were the pull factors to Birmingham after the war?

A

Moving to a big city, RAF recruited heavily in the West Indies for pilots. 1948 Nationality Act - Gave commonwealth citizens free right of entry to the UK.

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14
Q

What were the push factors from other commonwealth countries?

A

Many people went with the intention of going over, earning money, and returning. People were able to send money back to their family. Foundry/steel works.

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15
Q

What is the Non-UK born population of the UK?

A

9.6 Million.

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16
Q

What is the most common country of Non-UK birth?

A

India.

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17
Q

What is the most common non-British nationality in the UK?

A

Polish.

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18
Q

How many people of Eastern European origin are there in the UK?

A

1 million.

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19
Q

When did Eastern European migration to the UK start?

A

2004, when 8 Eastern European countries joined the EU, and had freedom of movement.

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20
Q

How many economic migrants moved to the UK from Eastern Europe between 2004-2007?

A

800,000. 500,000 were from Poland.

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21
Q

When did the relationship between Britain and Poland start?

A

1939, after Britain declared war on Germany, due to the invasion of Poland.

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22
Q

How many Polish people were living in England and Wales in 2011?

A

579,000.

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23
Q

How many Poles were in the UK in 1931 and 1951?

A

40,000 in 1931. 160,000 in 1951.

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24
Q

What has happened to the number of Poles working in the UK over time?

A

Went from 50,000 in 2004, to 650,000 in 2016. An initial rise after 2004, a downturn after 2008, rose again from 2013.

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25
Q

What are the main occupational groups polish workers in the UK?

A

Elementary occupations, Plant and machine operatives, skilled trade occupations.

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26
Q

What % of Polish occupations do the three main occupations make up?

A

60%.

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27
Q

What % of the Polish population are aged 30-34?

A

25%, compared to 6% of British People.

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28
Q

What % of Polish people are aged 5-9?

A

3%, compared to 6% of British People.

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29
Q

Which areas have the highest concentration of Polish workers?

A

London, Southampton, Birmingham, Devon, Liverpool, Leicester, Manchester, Leeds.

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30
Q

What are the UK social impacts of polish migration?

A

P - Positive impacts on food, more cultured. N - More overcrowding, true number of foreign people aren’t being counted.

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31
Q

What are the UK economic impacts of migration?

A

P - Peterborough is one of the fastest growing local economies, foreign nationals work harder. N - Housing can become more expensive, as there is more demand.

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32
Q

What are the UK environmental impacts of migration?

A

Fly tipping can become more common, as people aren’t always aware of social norms.

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33
Q

What are the UK political impacts of migration?

A

P - A negative experience with one person could change the minds of people about all people in the group. N - Tension between local communities and polish migrants.

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34
Q

What are the push factors from Poland?

A

18.2% unemployment - 2005. 2 million Poles have already left. Not many opportunities for things other than labour. GDP per capita lower than UK.

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35
Q

What are the pull factors to the UK?

A

Average British wage is 3x polish wages. More economic opportunity. Easy Travel. Low unemployment rate.

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36
Q

What are the social impacts for Poland of migration?

A

P - Easier for women to get jobs, more space in schools. N - Ageing Population, Divorce rate doubled, polish people weren’t well informed about the UK.

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37
Q

What are the Polish economic impacts of migration?

A

P - Many poles send money back home, £4 billion per year in remittances, some polish people come home with more skills. N - Lack of skilled labour, lack of economic growth.

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38
Q

What are the polish political impacts of migration?

A

Politicians have to create schemes to encourage people to return home, people don’t vote from abroad, rise of the far right.

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39
Q

What are the polish government concerned about?

A

Brain Drain limiting economic development of its’ country.

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40
Q

How many people cited immigration as the main reason for voting in the referendum?

A

52%.

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41
Q

How many Eastern Europeans have left the UK since 2017?

A

450,000.

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42
Q

Which Sectors of employment have seen the greatest job losses since Brexit?

A

Elementary occupations - 200,000. Plant and Machine operatives - 90,000. Skilled Trades - 60,000.

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43
Q

What are the reasons why Eastern Europeans left the UK after Brexit?

A

Felt unwanted, Easier to blame white Christians, Mood changed after referendum, no time for social life.

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44
Q

Which sectors of the economy are struggling to fill jobs post Brexit?

A

Transport, Logistics, Warehouse, Manufacturing, Plant pickers.

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45
Q

How did COVID add to this problem?

A

Driving tests stopped during COVID, led to a backlog, and some people leaving the UK to go home, causing a labour shortage.

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46
Q

How many people leave Bangladesh every year?

A

500,000.

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47
Q

What % of Bangladeshi migrants are men?

A

95%.

48
Q

When did movement to the middle east begin?

A

In the 1970’s, after the oil boom, as there was an increased need for cheap labour in the middle east.

49
Q

When did migration from Bangladesh peak?

A

2008 - 875,000 people.

50
Q

What % of migrants from Bangladesh go to the middle east?

A

71%, 29% everywhere else.

51
Q

What are the top ten countries for Bangladeshi migration?

A

Oman, Qatar, Singapore, UAE, Bahrain, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Mauritius.

52
Q

What other countries do Bangladeshi migrants go to?

A

Malaysia, UK, USA, India.

53
Q

What are the reasons for Bangladeshi Migration to the Gulf?

A

Financial factors, environmental factors, demographic factors, cultural factors.

54
Q

How do financial factors contribute to migration?

A

Bangladesh was 142 out of 146 countries for HDI, 50% are on less than $1 per day, growth in remittances from $2 billion in 2001 to $15 billion in 2014.

55
Q

How do environmental factors contribute to migration?

A

Densely populated, flood prone, river bank erosion, floods, rising sea levels, increased frequency of hurricanes, floods.

56
Q

How do demographic factors contribute to migration?

A

One of the most densely populated states, growth of slums, difficult for people who’s livelihood relies on access to land.

57
Q

How do cultural factors contribute to migration?

A

The husband is seen to have a role as breadwinner, marriage and dowry system, umra visa’s are free of charge to people completing hajj.

58
Q

What are the economic and environmental push factors for bangladeshi migration?

A

50% of the population live on less than $1 per day. Most of the country is prone to floods.

59
Q

What are the demographic and cultural push factors for Bangladeshi migration?

A

Bangladesh is densely populated, and has many slums. If men can earn more money elsewhere, it’s seen as them fulfilling their duty.

60
Q

What are the economic pull factors for Bangladeshi migration?

A

GDP per capita is $67,871 in UAE, compared to $3891 in Bangladesh.

61
Q

What are the demographic and cultural factors for Bangladeshi migration?

A

Better living standards, better access to healthcare in other countries, Gulf countries are also mainly Muslim.

62
Q

What are the positive consequences of migration for Bangladesh?

A

Economic - Remittances for the country, 1/3 of the working age population are underemployed or unemployed. Social - Transfers skills, fosters community development.

63
Q

What are the negative consequences of migration for Bangladesh?

A

Economic - Skilled workers leaving the country stunts economic growth. Social - Mental health becomes worse due to potential oppression in the countries they go to.

64
Q

Which type of jobs do Bangladeshis do when they migrate?

A

Unskilled or Low skilled jobs.

65
Q

What are the Bangladeshi governments’ policies to protect migrant workers?

A

Bureau of manpower, employment and training, overseas employment and migrants act 2013.

66
Q

What do these policies achieve?

A

Develops the skills of Bangladeshi workers in trades, migrant workers can lodge criminal cases for deception.

67
Q

When did the UAE become a wealthy nation?

A

In the 1960’s, as it exported oil.

68
Q

What was the UAE’s GDP per capita in 2016, compared to the UK’s?

A

UK - $41,182. UAE - $67,871.

69
Q

What has happened to the proportion of non-nationals in the UAE?

A

Grown from 63.9% of the population to 88.5% of the population.

70
Q

How many males are there for every female in the UAE?

A

2.2

71
Q

What are the political impacts of UAE migration?

A

Low paid migrant workers are subject to abuse from employers over forced labour.

72
Q

What is the Kafala sponsorship system?

A

It’s used to tie migrant workers to individual employers, restricting their rights to choose employers.

73
Q

What happened to the Kafala sponsorship system in 2010?

A

The government changed the system, it now allows workers to change, if their employer fails to comply with legal obligations.

74
Q

What is the level of education for uk born citizens?

A

UK born citizens have the lowest levels of high education - 21 or older.

75
Q

What is the level of education for immigrants from the EU?

A

They have the highest levels of high education.

76
Q

What % of the uk have low levels of education, compared to the EU?

A

44% of the UK, 15% of EU Immigrants.

77
Q

What does this mean for earnings?

A

EU immigrants and A8 Immigrants are more likely to go into high paying jobs.

78
Q

How do developed nations choose which migrants to let in?

A

They’re selective about immigrants, so they have a higher proportion of educated people.

79
Q

What are the UK’s immigration policies?

A

A tier system - Tier 1 - High value. Tier 2 - Skilled workers. Tier 4 - Student. Tier 5 - Temporary.

80
Q

What are the new rules for earnings of immigrants coming into the country?

A

The salary requirement for skilled worker visa’s is £38,000. Social care workers are no longer able to bring dependents.

81
Q

What are Australia’s immigration policies?

A

Migration programme, humanitarian programme, skilled workers are points tested, skilled workers’ points are awarded for age, qualifications and experiences.

82
Q

What are Canada’s immigration policies?

A

Points based system, skilled worker visa’s capped at 25,000. Health background checks, education, minimum 67 points.

83
Q

Which areas of the UK have the highest number of international migrants?

A

Urban locations, with a higher number of jobs.

84
Q

What is the EEDA?

A

East of England Development Authority.

85
Q

What points did the EEDA report raise?

A

Restrictions on international migration are unhelpful, current attempts to curb migration aren’t helpful for universities, Highly skilled people are drawn to competitive and innovative places.

86
Q

What are the arguments the UK should limit immigration?

A

Reduced levels reduce pressure on the economy, pressure is put onto local services, overcrowding, pressure on housing, Reduces availability of jobs for local people.

87
Q

What are the arguments the UK shouldn’t limit immigration?

A

A cost of people not working here, cultural loss, compassion.

88
Q

What are global periphery countries?

A

Low average incomes, where agriculture plays a key role in the economy.

89
Q

What are semi periphery countries?

A

Emerging economies with higher rates of economic growth, because of deindustrialisation.

90
Q

What are global core countries?

A

High income countries, office and retail work overtaking factory employment.

91
Q

What do primary commodities provide countries?

A

With the opportunity to trade with other countries, generating income for economic development.

92
Q

Why do commodity prices not provide much income?

A

Overprotection, Poor governance.

93
Q

How did the EU cause poverty to persist?

A

Protects its’ own farmers by placing import tariffs on food imports from other countries - other countries find it harder to get a good price for food sold to Europeans.

94
Q

How has the USA dominated world affairs since 1945?

A

Using indirect forms of influence - American media companies, and hard power - military force and economic influence.

95
Q

What is smart power?

A

Hard power and soft power.

96
Q

What is hard power?

A

Military action, economic sanctions, trade and aid policy.

97
Q

What is soft power?

A

Cultural influence, international decision making, moral and ethical authority.

98
Q

What are the examples of USA influence?

A

320 million own more than 40% of global personal wealth, 1/4 of 500 largest global companies were us-owned, American food, fashion and media has shaped global culture, USA has intervened in the affairs of almost 50 states since 1945.

99
Q

What are the examples of Chinese influence?

A

1978 - Open door reforms, allowed China to embrace globalisation, second largest economy, 400 million people are out of poverty, FDI from China totalled $1.25 trillion between 2015-2025.

100
Q

What is an example of a regional superpower?

A

Qatar - Highest GDP per capita in the world, 14% of all gas reserves, International conferences, Al-Jazeera rivals the BBC and CNN.

101
Q

What are the benefits of international migration?

A

Skilled labour shortages, unskilled labour shortages.

102
Q

What are global hubs?

A

Cities which are important on a national and global scale.

103
Q

What do global hubs involve?

A

Flows of international migrants, flows of capital, flows of international migrants.

104
Q

What are the natural resources for global hubs?

A

Coastline ideal for trade, strategic location, oil resources,

105
Q

What are the human resources for global hubs?

A

Large labour force, skilled labour, languages spoken.

106
Q

What is interdependence?

A

Every country depends on the economic health of others.

107
Q

What are the examples of economic and social interdependency?

A

Remittances sent home to a source country generate as much as 40% of GDP, migrant workers are often an essential part of host country populations, provide many economic and social services.

108
Q

What are the examples of political and environmental interdependency?

A

Closer political partnership may develop between states, becoming socially interdependent. Increased co-operation to tackle shared environmental threats, EU scientists have migrated to work in universities in other EU states.

109
Q

What is Backwash?

A

Large scale migrant labour flows become focused on core regions.

110
Q

What are the examples of interdependence?

A

Schengen agreement, provides EU governments with greater tax revenue to pay for services and infrastructure.

111
Q

Which EU states have the largest proportion of people born in other EU states?

A

Germany - 3,362,600. Spain - 2,341,600.
UK - 2,234,600.
France - 2,127,800.
Italy - 1,721,900.

112
Q

What are the benefits of interdependency?

A

European governments believed that greater interdependence could bring conflict to an end, Friedman argued that economic and political interdependency are linked.

113
Q

What is the golden arches theory?

A

States home to a large diaspora population have strong ties with the country of origin - such as Barack Obama, Joe Biden and Ireland.

114
Q

What are the drawbacks of interdependence?

A

Building projects were cancelled after the UK entered recession, meant many migrants lost their jobs, stopped sending remittances home - Estonia’s economy shrank by 15%. Could be seen as a threat to sovereignty.

115
Q

What are the conflicting views about immigration in the UK?

A

Support for Brexit was high among pensioners, rural communities, urban areas in the north. Remain was high among younger voters, Scotland and London.

116
Q

What do people who live in cities with migrants tend to think about immigration?

A

They tend to have a more positive feeling towards them.

117
Q

What are the exceptions to this?

A

Boston and Peterborough.

Migration (8 decks)

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