Unit 4 Notes Flashcards
What is glycogenesis?
Going from glucose to glycogen granules
What is glycogenolysis?
going from glycogen to glucose
What is Glycolysis?
This is an oxidation of glucose into pyruvate or lactate (in low oxygen conditions)
What is Gluconeogensis?
This is the production of glucose from various substrates like pyruvate, amino acids and lactate.
Gluconeogensis happens during a time of an intense work out
In oxygen poor conditions will glycolysis make lactate or pyruvate through phosphorylation of glucose-6-phosphate?
Under anaerobic conditions glucose-6-phosphate will be converted into lactate.
In oxygen rich conditions will glycolysis make lactate or pyruvate through phosphorylation of glucose-6-phosphate?
Under oxygen rich conditions glucose-6-phosphate will be converted into pyruvate
How does lactate and pyruvate become Acetyl-CoA?
During glycolysis pyruvate and lactate are able to be converted into acetyl-CoA through pyruvate dehydrogenase activity which goes into the citric acid cycle .
What can Acetyl-CoA be used for?
The citric acid cycle, fatty acid production or storage as triglycerides.
What two cells in what organ release glucagon and insulin.
The alpha and beta cells in the islets of the pancreas
What cell in the islets of the pancreas release glucagon and when?
The alpha cells release glucagon when glucose levels in the blood are low.
What cell in the islet of the pancreas releases insulin and when?
The beta cells releases insulin when glucose levels are high in the blood
What is the short term storage of glucose?
Glycogen
What are two of the reducing agents in oxidative phosphorylation?
NADH and FADH2
What does oxidative phosphorylation need?
reducing agents (NADH / FADH2) as well as oxygen
What is needed to drive F1ATPase? How does it do this?
F1ATPase is driven by protons in the inter-membrane space which are pumped there by the energy captured in the ETC which is powered by the electrons supplied by the reducing agents NADH and FADH2
the citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria or the cytosol?
The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria
glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria or the cytosol?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol
Why is glucose phosphorylated by either hexokinase or glucokinase when it enters the cell?
If glucose was not phosphorylated in the cell via hexokinase (muscle) or glucokinase (Liver) glucose would not remain in the cell and would diffuse out.
Glycogen can be released from the cells and can enter glycolysis to become pyruvate (oxygen) or lactate (no oxygen). How much ATP is used when converting glucose into pyruvate?
2 ATP are converted to 2 ADP when converting glucose into pyruvate
When is lactic acid converted to lactate?
At a physiological pH lactic acid is converted into lactate.
True or false. Lactate is only produced under anaerobic conditions when the VO2 max is at 100%.
False. Lactate can be produced under aerobic conditions as well however the amount is not as great as under anaerobic.
How does lactate which is produced mostly under anaerobic conditions impair exercise?
When there is a lot of lactate it increases the production of H+ which causes metabolic acidosis and decrease the ability for muscles to contract.
