Unit 4 Notes

Question 1

What is glycogenesis?

Answer 1

Going from glucose to glycogen granules

Question 2

What is glycogenolysis?

Answer 2

going from glycogen to glucose

Question 3

What is Glycolysis?

Answer 3

This is an oxidation of glucose into pyruvate or lactate (in low oxygen conditions)

Question 4

What is Gluconeogensis?

Answer 4

This is the production of glucose from various substrates like pyruvate, amino acids and lactate.
Gluconeogensis happens during a time of an intense work out

Question 5

In oxygen poor conditions will glycolysis make lactate or pyruvate through phosphorylation of glucose-6-phosphate?

Answer 5

Under anaerobic conditions glucose-6-phosphate will be converted into lactate.

Question 6

In oxygen rich conditions will glycolysis make lactate or pyruvate through phosphorylation of glucose-6-phosphate?

Answer 6

Under oxygen rich conditions glucose-6-phosphate will be converted into pyruvate

Question 7

How does lactate and pyruvate become Acetyl-CoA?

Answer 7

During glycolysis pyruvate and lactate are able to be converted into acetyl-CoA through pyruvate dehydrogenase activity which goes into the citric acid cycle .

Question 8

What can Acetyl-CoA be used for?

Answer 8

The citric acid cycle, fatty acid production or storage as triglycerides.

Question 9

What two cells in what organ release glucagon and insulin.

Answer 9

The alpha and beta cells in the islets of the pancreas

Question 10

What cell in the islets of the pancreas release glucagon and when?

Answer 10

The alpha cells release glucagon when glucose levels in the blood are low.

Question 11

What cell in the islet of the pancreas releases insulin and when?

Answer 11

The beta cells releases insulin when glucose levels are high in the blood

Question 12

What is the short term storage of glucose?

Answer 12

Glycogen

Question 13

What are two of the reducing agents in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 13

NADH and FADH2

Question 14

What does oxidative phosphorylation need?

Answer 14

reducing agents (NADH / FADH2) as well as oxygen

Question 15

What is needed to drive F1ATPase? How does it do this?

Answer 15

F1ATPase is driven by protons in the inter-membrane space which are pumped there by the energy captured in the ETC which is powered by the electrons supplied by the reducing agents NADH and FADH2

Question 16

the citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria or the cytosol?

Answer 16

The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria

Question 17

glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria or the cytosol?

Answer 17

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol

Question 18

Why is glucose phosphorylated by either hexokinase or glucokinase when it enters the cell?

Answer 18

If glucose was not phosphorylated in the cell via hexokinase (muscle) or glucokinase (Liver) glucose would not remain in the cell and would diffuse out.

Question 19

Glycogen can be released from the cells and can enter glycolysis to become pyruvate (oxygen) or lactate (no oxygen). How much ATP is used when converting glucose into pyruvate?

Answer 19

2 ATP are converted to 2 ADP when converting glucose into pyruvate

Question 20

When is lactic acid converted to lactate?

Answer 20

At a physiological pH lactic acid is converted into lactate.

Question 21

True or false. Lactate is only produced under anaerobic conditions when the VO2 max is at 100%.

Answer 21

False. Lactate can be produced under aerobic conditions as well however the amount is not as great as under anaerobic.

Question 22

How does lactate which is produced mostly under anaerobic conditions impair exercise?

Answer 22

When there is a lot of lactate it increases the production of H+ which causes metabolic acidosis and decrease the ability for muscles to contract.