UNIT 4- Motivation & Emotional Intelligence

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

• It is the driving force behind human actions
• Motivation is the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors
• includes the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate human behavior

Question 2

What are the major components of motivation?

Answer 2

• activation- the decision to initiate a behavior
• persistence- is the continued effort toward a goal even though obstacles may exist
• intensity- is the concentration and vigor that goes into pursuing a goal

Question 3

What can you do when your motivation is low?

Answer 3

• focus on things that really matter to you
• break tasks into smaller steps
• work on improving your confidence
• make improvements to fight insecurity

Question 4

Types of motivation

Answer 4

1. Extrinsic motivation
2. Intrinsic motivation

Question 5

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 5

arises from outside of the individual and often involves external rewards such as trophies, money, social recognition, or praise.

An extrinsic motivator needs three elements:
1. Expectancy- believing that increased effort will lead to increased performance
2. Instrumentality- believing a better performance will be noticed and rewarded
3. Valence- wanting the reward that is promised

Question 6

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 6

is internal and arises from within the individual, such as doing a complicated crossword puzzle purely for the gratification of solving a problem

• is powerfulbecause it is integrated into identity and serves as a continuous source of motivation.

Question 7

A third type of motivation

Answer 7

• some researches says there is
• family motivation
• Example: Working even though you don’t want to because you are financially providing your family

Question 8

Causes of low motivation

Answer 8

1. All-or-nothing thinking- If you think that you must be absolutely perfect when trying to reach your goal or there is no point in trying, one small slip-up or relapse can zap your motivation to keep pushing forward
2. Believing in quick fixes- It’s easy to feel unmotivated if you can’t reach your goal immediately but reaching goals often takes time.
3. Thinking that one size fits all- Just because an approach or method worked for someone else does not mean that it will work for you. If you don’t feel motivated to pursue your goals, look for other things that will work better for you.

Question 9

Some of the major theories of motivation

Answer 9

1. Instincts
2. Drives and Needs
3. Arousal levels

Question 10

Instincts theory of motivation

Answer 10

• suggests that behaviors are motivated by instincts, which are fixed and inborn patterns of behavior
• William James, Sigmund Freud and William McDougal- have proposed several basic human drives that motivate behavior
• Examples: cleanliness, fear and love

Question 11

Drives and needs theory of motivation

Answer 11

• we have a biological need- suggests that people have these basic biological drives, and our behaviors are motivated by the need to fulfill these drives
• eating, drinking, sleeping ++
• Abraham Maslow´s hierarchy of needs- based on the desire to fulfill basic psychological needs

Question 12

Arousal theory of motivation

Answer 12

• suggests that people are motivated to engage in behaviors that help them maintain their optimal level of arousal
• A person with low arousal needs might pursue relaxing activities such as reading a book, while those with high arousal needs might be motivated to engage in exciting, thrill-seeking behaviors such as motorcycle racing

Question 13

Factors to build self-motivation

Answer 13

1. Self-confidence and self-efficacy
2. Positive thinking, and positive thinking about the future
3. Focus and strong goals
4. A motivating environment

Question 14

Maslow´s hierarchy of needs

Answer 14

isa theory of psychology explaining human motivation based on the pursuit of different levels of needs

1. Psychology- air, food, water, shelter ++
2. Safety- security, order, law and stability
3. Belongingness and love- friendship, intimacy, trust, acceptance, affection
4. Esteem- status, prestige, achievement, mastery and independence
5. Self-actualization- realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment and seeking personal growth

Question 15

Two factor theory

Answer 15

Frederick Herzberg

His theory outlined that humans are motivated by:

1. Motivators: cover intrinsic needs such as achievement, recognition, and advancement. Motivation factors allow employees to be engaged and satisfied in their jobs and promote growth.

There are 6: achievement, recognition, growth, advancement, responsibility and the work itself

2. Hygiene factors: cover extrinsic needs such as pay grade, workplace policy and relationships with peers .They prevent job dissatisfaction.

There are 10:
- company policies and administration
- quality of technical supervision
- quality of interpersonal relations among peers
- subordinates
- superiors
- salary
- job security
- personal life
- working conditions
- status

Question 16

Expectancy theory

Answer 16

Victor Harold Vroom

People´s behavior works on the assumption that people will choose to maximise pleasure and minimise pain. This means that people will behave in a way that results in the best outcome or reward.

The theory is dependent on the idea that the more an employee values the outcome, the more motivated they will be to achieve it.

Three variables:
1. Expectancy
2. Instrumentality
3. Valence

Question 17

Equity theory

Answer 17

John Stacey Adams

It’s about the balance between the effort an employee puts into their work (input), and the result they get in return (output).

Employees want the benefits they receive from work to seem fair in relation to the inputs that they provide and that the levels of rewards that is received are similar to the ones received by their peers

Input:
- time, effort, loyalty, integrity, commitment, personal sacrifice etc

Output:
- base pay, incentives, benefits, job security, recognition, career development, fulfillment, employment etc

Question 18

Fairness theory

Answer 18

Cropanzano

Seeks to identify conditions that must be met for an injustice to be perceived. Something must occur that threatens an individual´s wellbeing.

When individuals believe they have been treated fearly, they tend to exhibit high level of job performance.

Conditions to perceive an event as something unfair:
1) The would component- an alternative situation would have led to better outcomes
2) The could component- those in power could have behaved in a different way
3) The should component- the responsible should behave in a different way because its actions violate some moral standard

Conduct- states of well-being- principles

Question 19

Self-efficacy theory

Answer 19

Albert Bandura

He defined Self-efficacy as a belief in our own ability to succeed, and our ability to achieve the goals we set for ourselves.

High self-efficacy:
- an ability to view difficult goals as a challenge

Low self-efficacy:
- would view the same goal as being beyond their abilities- might not even try

It contributes to how much effort a person puts into a goal in the first place, and how much he or she perseveres despite setbacks.

Question 20

Goal setting theory

Answer 20

Edwin Locke

Goal-setting theory refers tothe effects of setting goals on subsequent performance.

Goal setting principles:

1. Clarity
2. Challenge
3. Commitment
4. Feedback
5. Task complexity

Question 21

Action theory

Answer 21

Winfried Hacker

The theory explains how workers regulate their behavior through cognitive processes, including goal development and selection, internal and external orientation, planning, monitoring of execution, and feedback processes.

Occurs on multiple levels of action regulation:
- sensorimotor/skill level
- the level of flexible action patters
- range from unconscious and automized control to conscious thought

• An important basic theory in applied psychology- in the field of industrial, work, and organizational psychology
• action regulation theory is distinct from the cognitive-behavioral theories

Question 22

What is emotional intelligence

Answer 22

The ability to:
1) perceive and express emotions
2) use emotions to facilitate thoughts
3) understand and reason with emotion
4) regulate emotion in the self and others

An important factor in determining personal success as a student, teacher, parent, and leader.

Question 23

The four domains of EI (Daniel Goleman)

Answer 23

1. Self awareness
2. Self-management- managing emotion
3. Empathy
4. Skilled relationships

Question 24

How do we improve our emotional intelligence?

Answer 24

1. The ventilation fallacy- prolongs your mood rather than end it

What to do when you feel angry:
- take a deep breath
- go for a walk
- reframe your thought

2. Don´t ruminate when you are sad- distract yourself, shift your mood

What to do when you feel sad:
- exercise
- complete small task
- reframe the situation
- what can I learn from it
- help others

3. The artful critique- how to criticize in the right way
   - be specific
   - offer a solution
   - do it face to face
   - show empathy
4. Emotional contagion- set the emotional tone

Question 25

What makes an outstanding professional?

Answer 25

1. Technical skills
2. Cognitive abilities
3. Emotional intelligence competences

Question 26

The process of emotional intelligence

Answer 26

1. Self awareness
2. Self regulation
3. Motivation
4. Empathy
5. Social skills

Question 27

Self awareness

Answer 27

Knowing how you’re feeling all of the time, and understanding how those feelings are affecting the people around you.

Question 28

Step 1- self awareness

Answer 28

“Know yourself”
- your personality
- your goals
- your dreams
- your strengths and weaknesses
- your reactions and their impact

Results:
- self confidence
- realistic self-assessment and self evaluation
- self sense of humor

Question 29

Self regulation

Answer 29

Ability to control and express one,s emotions and actions. Develop self-regulation by living own values, and by holding oneself accountable when you make a mistake.

Question 30

Step 2- self regulation

Answer 30

“Guide your emotions”
- your anger
- your impatience
- your pride
- your uncontrolled reactions

Results:
- self control
- integrity
- adaptability and flexibility
- openness to change

Question 31

Step 3- motivation

Answer 31

“Achieve beyond expectations”
- Achieving goals for their own shake
- Not only external rewards matter
- Pursue goals with energy and conviction

Results:
- Personal drive to achieve
- Optimism
- Commitment

Question 32

Empathy

Answer 32

Awareness of the feelings, needs and concerns of others

Question 33

Step 4- empathy

Answer 33

“Understand others”
- Understanding other people emotions
- knowing how to treat people under certain emotional circumstances

Results:
- Expert in talent identification and management (know people)
- Cross-culturally sensitive
- Sense of service

Question 34

Social skills

Answer 34

Ability to persuade and move people to action

Question 35

Step 5- social skills

Answer 35

“Build stable relationships”
- Proficiency in managing relations and building networks
- Create ‘common ground’
- Get other people to act

Results:
- Change management
- Persuasion
- Team building and Team leading