Unit 4 List 1 Evolution JGC

Question 1

Amino Acid sequencing

Answer 1

Amino acid sequencing is the process of identifying the arrangement of amino acids in proteins and peptides.

Question 2

Analogous Structure

Answer 2

Analogous structures are features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature

Question 3

Anatomy

Answer 3

a field in the biological sciences concerned with the identification and description of the body structures of living things.

Question 4

Biochemical evidence

Answer 4

scientists use biochemical evidence (the amino acid sequence of proteins) to establish how organisms have evolved. Hemoglobin, a component of red blood cells, is one of the most widely studied of all proteins.

Question 5

Biogeography

Answer 5

the branch of biology that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals.

Question 6

Cladogram

Answer 6

Cladograms are diagrams which depict the relationships between different groups of taxa called “clades”. B

Question 7

Common Ancestry

Answer 7

Ancestral organism shared by two or more descendent lineages — in other words, an ancestor that they have in common.

Question 8

Descent with modification

Answer 8

Darwin defined evolution as “descent with modification,” the idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor.

Question 9

DNA sequencing

Answer 9

DNA sequencing refers to the general laboratory technique for determining the exact sequence of nucleotides, or bases, in a DNA molecule.

Question 10

electrophoresis

Answer 10

Electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge.

Question 11

embryo

Answer 11

Early stage in the development of humans and other animals or plants.

Question 12

embryology

Answer 12

Embryology is the study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilization through to the fetal stage.

Question 13

evolutionary tree

Answer 13

visual representations of this branching pattern of evolution.

Question 14

fossil record

Answer 14

The fossil record is made up of all the fossils that have been found, along with their relative ages.

Question 15

homologous structure

Answer 15

Homologous structures are similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions.

Question 16

homology

Answer 16

similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor.

Question 17

paleontology

Answer 17

the branch of science concerned with fossil animals and plants.

Question 18

phenotypic similarity

Answer 18

Phenotypic similarity is a measure of functional redundancy within homologous gene families.

Question 19

phylogeny

Answer 19

Phylogeny is the representation of the evolutionary history and relationships between groups of organisms.

Question 20

phylogenetic tree

Answer 20

A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Question 21

vestigial structures

Answer 21

A vestigial structure is a feature that a species inherited from an ancestor but that is now less elaborate and functional than in the ancestor.

Question 22

sedimentary layers

Answer 22

Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at Earth’s surface, followed by cementation.

Question 23

adaptations

Answer 23

a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.

Question 24

behavior

Answer 24

the way in which an animal or person acts in response to a particular situation or stimulus.

Question 25

competition

Answer 25

Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both require a resource that is in limited supply (such as food, water, or territory).[1] Competition lowers the fitness of both organisms involved since the presence of one of the organisms always reduces the amount of the resource available to the other.

Question 26

fitness

Answer 26

Fitness (often denoted
w
{\displaystyle w} or ω in population genetics models) is a quantitative representation of individual reproductive success. It is also equal to the average contribution to the gene pool of the next generation, made by the same individuals of the specified genotype or phenotype.

Question 27

gene pool

Answer 27

the stock of different genes in an interbreeding population.

Question 28

genetic variation

Answer 28

Genetic variation is a term used to describe the variation in the DNA sequence in each of our genomes.

Question 29

geographic isolation

Answer 29

Geographic isolation is a term used to describe the physical separation of populations of organisms from one another due to geographical barriers.

Question 30

morphology

Answer 30

the branch of biology that deals with the form of living organisms, and with relationships between their structures.

Question 31

natural selection

Answer 31

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term “natural selection”, contrasting it with artificial selection, which is intentional, whereas natural selection is not.

Question 32

phenotypic expression

Answer 32

An organism’s phenotypic expression refers to the observable characteristics in an organism that results from the expression of genes.

Question 33

physiology

Answer 33

Physiology is the study of how the human body works.

Question 34

population

Answer 34

Population, in biology, is defined as all the organisms of the same group or species that live in a specific area and are capable of breeding among themselves.

Question 35

reproductive isolation

Answer 35

Reproductive isolation represents a breakdown in the ability to reproduce successfully with sexual partners of another type of organism

Question 36

Sexual selection

Answer 36

natural selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex.

Question 37

Speciation

Answer 37

Speciation is how a new kind of plant or animal species is created.

Question 38

Species

Answer 38

species, in biology, classification comprising related organisms that share common characteristics and are capable of interbreeding.

Question 39

Trait

Answer 39

A trait, as related to genetics, is a specific characteristic of an individual.