Unit 3 List 1 DNA & Heredity JGC

Question 1

Adenine

Answer 1

a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA.

Question 2

Amino Acid

Answer 2

Amino acids are molecules that combine to form proteins. Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life. When proteins are digested or broken down, amino acids are the result. The human body then uses amino acids to make proteins to help the body: Break down food.

Question 3

Anticodon

Answer 3

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

Question 4

Cell Types

Answer 4

A cell type is a classification used to identify cells that share morphological or phenotypical features. (prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.)

Question 5

Cell differentiation

Answer 5

The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function.

Question 6

Chromosomes

Answer 6

Chromosomes are threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell.

Question 7

Codon

Answer 7

A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.

Question 8

Cytoplasm

Answer 8

Cytoplasm is a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus.

Question 9

Cytosine

Answer 9

a compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine in double-stranded DNA.

Question 10

Deoxyribose

Answer 10

deoxyribose, five-carbon sugar component of DNA (q.v.; deoxyribonucleic acid), where it alternates with phosphate groups to form the “backbone” of the DNA polymer and binds to nitrogenous bases. The presence of deoxyribose instead of ribose is one difference between DNA and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

Question 11

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Answer 11

Deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated DNA) is the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism. DNA is made of two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder — a shape known as a double helix.

Question 12

Double Helix

Answer 12

The double helix describes the appearance of double-stranded DNA, which is composed of two linear strands that run opposite to each other, or anti-parallel, and twist together.

Question 13

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 13

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum like the rough endoplasmic reticulum is connected to the nuclear envelope. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum comprises tube-like structure located near the cell periphery. These tubules or tubes sometimes branch forming a network that is reticular in appearance.

Question 14

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 14

The rough ER, which is covered by ribosomes on its outer surface, functions in protein processing.

Question 15

Enzyme

Answer 15

Enzymes are proteins that act upon substrate molecules and decrease the activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction to occur by stabilizing the transition state.

Question 16

Gene

Answer 16

In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and non-coding genes.

Question 17

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 17

a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.

Question 18

Guanine

Answer 18

Guanine is one of the four main nucleotide bases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine. In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine. The guanine nucleoside is called guanosine.

Question 19

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 19

These bonds are responsible for the connections between the two strands of DNA between the nucleotide base pairs. Adenine and thymine form two hydrogen bonds between them and cytosine and guanine form three. These bonds keep DNA in its double helix formation.

Question 20

mRNA

Answer 20

messenger ribonucleic acid is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein.

Question 21

Mutation

Answer 21

a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA.

Question 22

Nitrogenous Bases

Answer 22

Under normal circumstances, the nitrogen-containing bases adenine (A) and thymine (T) pair together, and cytosine (C) and guanine (G) pair together. The binding of these base pairs forms the structure of DNA.

Question 23

Nuclear Membrane

Answer 23

The nuclear membrane is a double layer that encloses the cell’s nucleus, where the chromosomes reside.

Question 24

Nucleic Acid

Answer 24

Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses. A major function of nucleic acids involves the storage and expression of genomic information. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, encodes the information cells need to make proteins.

Question 25

Nucelotides

Answer 25

A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA). A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base.

Question 26

Nucleus

Answer 26

the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes. The nucleus has a membrane around it, and is where RNA is made from the DNA in the chromosomes. Enlarge. Parts of a cell.

Question 27

Peptide Bond

Answer 27

a peptide bond is an amide type of covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive alpha-amino acids from C1 (carbon number one) of one alpha-amino acid and N2 (nitrogen number two) of another, along a peptide or protein chain.

Question 28

Phosphate Group

Answer 28

A functional group characterized by a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

Question 29

Polypeptides

Answer 29

A polypeptide is a single linear chain of many amino acids (any length), held together by amide bonds.

Question 30

Protein synthesis

Answer 30

the biological process whereby amino acids are assembled by peptide bonding into specific polypeptide sequences in accord with genetic blueprints encoded by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Question 31

Ribose

Answer 31

Ribose is a sugar that is naturally produced by the body from food.

Question 32

Ribosome

Answer 32

A ribosome is the cellular machinery responsible for making proteins. There are many ribosomes in each cell, each made up of two subunits. These two subunits lock around the messenger RNA and then travel along the length of the messenger RNA molecule reading each three-letter codon.

Question 33

RNA

Answer 33

Ribonucleic acid (abbreviated RNA) is a nucleic acid present in all living cells that has structural similarities to DNA. Unlike DNA, however, RNA is most often single-stranded. An RNA molecule has a backbone made of alternating phosphate groups and the sugar ribose, rather than the deoxyribose found in DNA.

Question 34

rRNA

Answer 34

ribosomal RNA (rRNA), molecule in cells that forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle known as a ribosome and that is exported to the cytoplasm to help translate the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein.

Question 35

Start codon

Answer 35

The start codon is the first codon of a messenger RNA transcript translated by a ribosome. The start codon always codes for methionine in eukaryotes and archaea and a N-formylmethionine in bacteria, mitochondria and plastids. The start codon is often preceded by a 5’ untranslated region.

Question 36

Stop Codon

Answer 36

In molecular biology, a stop codon is a codon that signals the termination of the translation process of the current protein.

Question 37

Thymine

Answer 37

Thymine is one of the four nucleotide bases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T. The others are adenine, guanine, and cytosine. Thymine is also known as 5-methyluracil, a pyrimidine nucleobase. In RNA, thymine is replaced by the nucleobase uracil. Also Paired with Adenine.

Question 38

Transcription

Answer 38

the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).

Question 39

Translation

Answer 39

translation is the process in living cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates. The generated protein is a sequence of amino acids. This sequence is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA. The nucleotides are considered three at a time.

Question 40

tRNA

Answer 40

Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein. tRNAs function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from an mRNA molecule.

Question 41

Uracil

Answer 41

Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine nucleobase in which the pyrimidine ring is substituted with two oxo groups at positions 2 and 4. Found in RNA, it base pairs with adenine and replaces thymine during DNA transcription.

Question 42

Vesicle

Answer 42

In cell biology, a vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles form naturally during the processes of secretion, uptake, and the transport of materials within the plasma membrane.