Unit 3 List 3 DNA & Heredity JGC Flashcards
Cellular division
During mitosis, a cell duplicates all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form two identical daughter cells. Because this process is so critical, the steps of mitosis are carefully controlled by certain genes. When mitosis is not regulated correctly, health problems such as cancer can result.
Egg cell
the female reproductive cell, or gamete, in most anisogamous organisms
Epigenetic
Epigenetics refers to how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work.
Fertilization
when sperm and an egg join together.
Genome
The complete set of DNA (genetic material) in an organism.
Inherited traits
An inherited trait is a particular genetically determined charac- teristic or quality that distinguishes somebody.
Multicellular organism
A multicellular organism is an organism that consists of more than one cell, unlike unicellular organisms.
Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete with a single set of chromosomes combines with another gamete to produce a zygote that develops into an organism composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes.
Sperm cell
Sperm are male sex cells with three main parts: a head, midpiece and tail.
Autosomal
the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes.
Complete Dominance
a condition wherein the dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele
Dihybrid cross
A dihybrid cross describes a mating experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two traits.
F1 (first filial)
the first filial generation seeds/plants or animal offspring resulting from a cross-mating of distinctly different parental types.
F2 (second filial)
the result of a cross between two F1 individuals.
Genotype
In a broad sense, the term “genotype” refers to the genetic makeup of an organism; in other words, it describes an organism’s complete set of genes.
Genotype ratio
A genotypic ratio is a numerical comparison of the allele combinations the offspring will have
Hardy-Weinberg Conditions
no mutation, random mating, no gene flow, infinite population size, and no selection.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
In population genetics, the Hardy–Weinberg principle, also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, model, theorem, or law, states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.
incomplete Dominance
the genetic phenomenon in which the distinct gene products from the two codominant alleles in a heterozygote blend to form a phenotype intermediate between those of the two homozygotes.
Monohybrid cross
the hybrid of two individuals with homozygous genotypes which result in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait.
P (parental) generation
the original pair of parents at the start of a genetic cross experiment.
Phenotype
the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
Phenotype ratio
The phenotypic ratio definition is the ratio of different phenotypes present in the offspring of a cross.
Polygenic inheritance
A polygenic trait is a characteristic, such as height or skin color, that is influenced by two or more genes.
