Unit 4 List 1 Evolution

Question 1

Amino acid sequencing

Answer 1

the process of identifying the arrangement of amino acids in proteins and peptides

Question 2

Analogous structure

Answer 2

a trait which serves the same or similar functions between separate organisms, but have different structures

Question 3

Anatomy

Answer 3

the study of the physical structure and parts of organisms

Question 4

Biochemical evidence

Answer 4

the use of molecular biology techniques to study the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms, providing crucial insights into evolutionary relationships.

Question 5

Biogeography

Answer 5

the study of the distribution of plants, animals, and other types of life.

Question 6

Cladogram

Answer 6

a branching tree diagram that shows ancestral relationships among organisms

Question 7

Common ancestry

Answer 7

an ancestral group of organisms that is shared by multiple lineages.

Question 8

Descent with modification

Answer 8

passing traits from parent to offspring,

Question 9

DNA sequencing

Answer 9

the general laboratory technique for determining the exact sequence of nucleotides, or bases, in a DNA molecule.

Question 10

Electrophoresis

Answer 10

a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge

Question 11

Embryo

Answer 11

the stage of early development after fertilization up to the phase of initial organogenesis

Question 12

Embryology

Answer 12

the study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilization through to the fetal stage

Question 13

Evolutionary tree

Answer 13

a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms

Question 14

Fossil record

Answer 14

a collection of fossils documenting the history of life on Earth

Question 15

Homologous structure

Answer 15

an organ, system, or body part that shares a common ancestry in multiple organisms

Question 16

Homology

Answer 16

similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor

Question 17

Paleontology

Answer 17

the study of the history of life on Earth as based on fossils

Question 18

Phenotypic similarity

Answer 18

a measure of functional redundancy within homologous gene families

Question 19

Phylogeny

Answer 19

the representation of the evolutionary history and relationships between groups of organisms.

Question 20

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 20

a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor.

Question 21

Vestigial structures

Answer 21

Structures that have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor

Question 22

Sedimentary layers

Answer 22

formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms.

Question 23

Adaptation

Answer 23

the evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes better able to live in its habitat or habitats.

Question 24

Behavior

Answer 24

the change in activity of an organism in response to a stimulus

Question 25

Competition

Answer 25

a relationship between organisms that strive for the same resources in the same place

Question 26

Fitness

Answer 26

an organism's ability to pass its genetic material to its offspring

Question 27

Gene pool

Answer 27

the combination of all the genes (including alleles) present in a reproducing population or species

Question 28

Genetic variation

Answer 28

a term used to describe the variation in the DNA sequence in each of our genomes.

Question 29

Geographic isolation

Answer 29

the physical separation of populations of organisms from one another due to geographical barriers.

Question 30

Morphology

Answer 30

a branch of biology that studies the external and internal structures of living things

Question 31

Natural selection

Answer 31

the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change

Question 32

Phenotypic expression

Answer 32

The observable characteristics or traits in an individual based on the expression of their genes.

Question 33

Physiology

Answer 33

a branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of life or of living matter (such as organs, tissues, or cells) and of the physical and chemical phenomena involved

Question 34

Population

Answer 34

a group of individuals of the same species living and interbreeding within a given area.

Question 35

Reproductive isolation

Answer 35

the inability of a species to breed successfully with related species due to geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic barriers or differences

Question 36

Sexual selection

Answer 36

the process by which individuals compete for access to mates and fertilization opportunities.

Question 37

Speciation

Answer 37

how a new kind of plant or animal species is created

Question 38

Species

Answer 38

a group of organisms that can reproduce naturally with one another and create fertile offspring

Question 39

Trait

Answer 39

specific characteristic of an individual

Question 40

Coevolution

Answer 40

cases where two (or more) species reciprocally affect each other's evolution.

Question 41

Convergent evolution

Answer 41

occurs when organisms that aren't closely related evolve similar features or behaviours, often as solutions to the same problems

Question 42

Divergent evolution

Answer 42

the process by which interbreeding species diverged into two or more evolutionary groups.

Question 43

Founder effect

Answer 43

the reduction in genomic variability that occurs when a small group of individuals becomes separated from a larger population.

Question 44

Gene flow

Answer 44

any movement of individuals, and/or the genetic material they carry, from one population to another.

Question 45

Gene frequency

Answer 45

the ratio of the number of a specified allele in a population to the total of all alleles at its genetic locus.

Question 46

Gene pool

Answer 46

the combination of all the genes (including alleles) present in a reproducing population or species.

Question 47

Genetic drift

Answer 47

the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance.

Question 48

Geologic record

Answer 48

the entirety of the layers of rock strata.