Unit 1 List 2 Cell Energy Flashcards
Autotrophs
An organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals
Light Reactions
The process of photosynthesis that converts energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP
Chlorophyll
A pigment present in all green plants and a few other organisms
Photosynthesis
The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar
Calvin cycle
The cycle of chemical reactions where the carbon from the carbon cycle is fixed into sugars
Electron transport chain
A series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation
NADPH
Represents an important electron donor that is used in a variety of biological settings
Pigment
The set of compounds that have an intense colour and are used in the colouring of other materials
Granum
A stack of coin-shaped thylakoids in the chloroplasts of plant cells
Stomata
The tiny openings present on the epidermis of leaves
Carbon fixation
The process by which plants fix atmospheric carbon to form organic compounds
Heterotrophs
An organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients
Thylakoids
Pouch-like sacs that are bound to a membrane in the chloroplasts of a plant cell
Carotenoids
Accessory pigments that help in photosynthesis
Mitochondrial matrix
A gel-like material in the mitochondrion, or organelle that performs the process of aerobic respiration, that contains ribosomes resembling those of bacteria
Aerobic respiration
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)
Fermentation
An enzyme catalysed, metabolic process whereby organisms convert starch or sugar to alcohol or an acid anaerobically releasing energy
NAD+
A molecule formed from vitamin B3 and ATP that acts as a carrier molecule for electrons and hydrogen
Alcoholic fermentation
The anaerobic transformation of fructose and glucose (sugars) into ethanol and carbon dioxide
Glycolysis
A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen
NADH
Occurs naturally in the body and plays a role in generating energy
Anaerobic respiration
The process in which incomplete oxidation of glucose occurs in the absence of oxygen
Cellular respiration
A series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP
Krebs cycle
A series of chemical reactions in living things in which acetic acid or a related substance is oxidized to produce energy which is stored in ATP
