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Kinesiology > Unit 4 Lecture > Flashcards

Unit 4 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae do each of the regions of the spine have?

A

cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacral - 5

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2
Q

what is the importance of curves in the spine?

A

they provide the vertebral column with more strength & resilience than if it was straight

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3
Q

what are the motions, planes, & axis of the neck & trunk

A
  • flexion, extension, hyperextension sagittal plane, frontal axis
  • lateral bending frontal plane, sagittal axis
  • rotation transverse plane, vertical axis
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4
Q

can rotation occur between C1 and the skull?

A

no

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5
Q

nuchal line

A

ridge that runs horizontally along the back of the head from the occipital bone towards the mastoid process

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6
Q

foramen magnum

A

opening through which the spinal cord enters the cranium

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7
Q

occipital condyles

A

lateral to formen magnum
provides articulation with atlas C1

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8
Q

what are important landmarks of a vertebra?

A
  • size
  • body shape
  • transverse process
  • superior articular process
  • vertebral notch
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9
Q

transverse process

A

attachment for muscles & ligaments

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10
Q

describe the spinous processes of each type of vertebrae

A

cervical - bifid/pronged
thoracic - long, slender, and points inferiorly
lumbar - thick & points posteriorly

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11
Q

describe the superior articular processes of each type of vertebrae

A

cervical - face medially
thoracic - face posteriorly & laterally
lumbar - face posteriorly

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12
Q

vertebral notch

A

depressions on the pedicle

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13
Q

intervertebral discs

A
  • 23 in the spine
  • function to absorb & transmit shock & to maintain flexibility of the vertebral column
  • make up 25 % of total length of vertebral column
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14
Q

name the joints of the spine

A
  • atlanto-occipital joint
  • atlantoaxial joints
    median atlantoaxial joint
    lateral atlantoaxial joint
  • C2-S1
  • posterior articulations on each side via facet joints
  • synovial joint
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15
Q

describe the atlanto-occipital joint

A
  • C1
  • ring shaped with no body or spinous process
  • C1 and skull articulation
  • formed by the condyles of occiput articulating with the superior articular process of atlas
  • strong union supports weight of head
    -nodding
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16
Q

describe the atlantoaxial joints

A
  • C2
  • dens/odontoid process from the pivot
  • articulations between the atlas & axis (3 total)
  • MEDIAN ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT
    • dens of axis & anterior arch of atlas
    • dens of axis & transverse ligament posteriorly
  • LATERAL ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT
    • between the articular processes of the 2 vertebrae (inferior articular process of C1 & superior articular process of C2)
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17
Q

describe the articulations of C2-S1

A
  • strong WB articulations
  • articulate anteriorly on the vertebra between the vertebral bodies
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18
Q

facet

A
  • a small, smooth, flat surface on a bone
  • found on thoracic vertebrae at point of contact with a rib
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19
Q

demifacet

A
  • “half” facet
  • articulate with only half of the rib
  • rib will articulate with the demifacet of thoracic vertebrae superiorly, inferiorly, and laterally
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20
Q

synovial joint

A
  • formed by superior articular process of the vertebra below & inferior articular process of the vertebra above
  • AKA apophyseal (where 2 or more joints join the spine) or zygapophyseal
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21
Q

what are the motions & plane(s) of the cervical spine facet

A

cervical spine facet does all motions & is located between the sagittal & frontal plane

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22
Q

what are the motions & plane(s) of the thoracic spine facet?

A

thoracic spine facet does side bending & rotation & is located in the frontal plane

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23
Q

what are the motions & plane(s) of the lumbar spine facet?

A

lumbar spine facet does flexion & extension & is located in the sagittal plane

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24
Q

describe the mobility & job of the cervical spine

A

very mobile

job is to:
allow nervous tissue to enter the vertebral canal
entrance/exit of blood vessels in the skull
freedom to have motion of the head & neck

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25
Q

describe the mobility & job of the thoracic spine

A
  • less motion

job:
provide attachment for ribs
limits motion due to long spinous processes
protects the spinal cord

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26
Q

describe the mobility of the lumbar spine

A
  • least amount of motion
  • most motion occurs between L4 & S1
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27
Q

name the ligaments of the neck & trunk

A
  • anterior collateral ligament
  • posterior longitudinal ligament
  • supraspinous ligament
  • interspinous ligament
  • nuchal ligament
  • ligamentum flavum
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28
Q

describe the anterior collateral ligament

A
  • runs on the anterior, outside surface of the vertebral bodies
  • runs from occiput to sacrum
  • prevents excessive hyperextension
  • thin superiorly & thick where it fuses with the sacrum
  • very strong
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29
Q

describe the posterior longitudinal ligament

A
  • runs posteriorly on the inside of the vertebral foramen
  • prevents excessive flexion
  • thick superiorly (supports the skull) & thin inferiorly in the lumbar spine (many injuries)
  • very strong in the cervical area
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30
Q

describe the supraspinous ligaments

A

runs from C7 to sacrum along the tips of the spinous processes

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31
Q

describe the interspinous ligaments

A

run between spinous processes

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32
Q

describe the nuchal ligament

A

thick & takes place of supraspinal & interspinal ligaments of cervical spine

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33
Q

describe the ligamentum flavum

A

connects adjacent laminae anteriorly

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34
Q

name the muscles of the cervical spine

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • scalene mm: anterior, middle, posterior
  • prevertebral mm
  • suboccipital mm
  • splenius capitis & cervicis
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35
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

O: sternum & clavicle
I: mastoid process
A:
bilateral: neck flexion, head hyperextension
unilateral: laterally bends neck & rotates to opposite side
N: accessory/cranial nn 11 (spinal root for motor) & 2nd & 3rd cervical nerves

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36
Q

scalene mm (anterior, middle, posterior)

A
  • deep to superficial
  • injury&raquo_space; pain anywhere

A:
*bilaterally: assists in neck flexion
unilaterally: laterally bends neck
N: lower cervical nerve

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37
Q

prevertebral muscle group

A
  • deep, tiny, anterior
  • assists in neck/head flexion, maintains postural control, “tucking the chin”

I: into occipital bone & transverse processes of C1-C6

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38
Q

suboccipital muscles

A
  • small, posterior
  • clustered together below the base of the skull

A: head extension, lateral bending, rotation

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39
Q

splenius capitis

A
  • superficial & posterior

A:
bilaterally: head & neck extension
unilaterally: laterally bend & rotate head to the same side

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40
Q

splenius cervicis

A
  • deep & posterior

A:
bilaterally: neck extension
unilaterally: laterally bend & rotate neck to the same side

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41
Q

prime mover(s) of neck flexion

A

sternocleidomastoid

42
Q

prime mover(s) of neck extension

A

splenius capitis & cervicis

43
Q

prime mover(s) of head flexion

A

prevertebral muscle group

44
Q

prime mover(s) of head extension

A

suboccipital group

45
Q

prime mover(s) of head hyperextension

A

sternocleidomastoid

46
Q

prime mover(s) of cervical lateral bending

A

sternocleidomastoid
splenius capitis & cervicis
scale muscles

47
Q

prime mover(s) of same side cervical rotation

A

splenius capitis & cervicis
scalene muscles

48
Q

prime mover(s) of opposite side cervical rotation

A

sternocleidomastoid

49
Q

rectus abdominis

A
  • abs: left & right separated by big, thick band of connective tissue
  • can do reversal of mm action

O: pubis
I: xiphoid process & costal cartilages of 5th-7th ribs
A: trunk flexion & compression of abdomen
N: 7th-12th intercostal nerves

50
Q

external oblique

A
  • most superficial of 3
  • large, broad, flat

A:
bilaterally: trunk flexion & compression of the abdomen
unilaterally: lateral bending to same side & rotation to opposite side
N: 8th-12th intercostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal nerves

51
Q

internal oblique

A
  • middle of the 3
  • looks like an inverted “V”

A:
bilaterally: trunk flexion & compression of abdomen
unilaterally: lateral bending & rotation to same side
N: 8th-12th intercostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal nerves

52
Q

transverse abdominis

A
  • deepest of the 3
  • does not move the trunk
  • used during coughing, pooping, sneezing

A: compression of abdomen
N: 7th-12th intercostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal nerves

53
Q

erector spinae

A
  • intermediate layer of back extensors that can be divided into 3 groups: medial, intermediate, lateral
    • medial: trunk extension
    • intermediate: trunk extension & lateral bending
    • lateral: trunk extension & lateral bending

A:
bilaterally: trunk & neck extension
unilaterally: laterally bend trunk & neck

54
Q

transversospinalis

A
  • deepest of back extensor muscles
    semispinalis span 5+ vertebrae/superficial
    multifidus span 2-4 vertebrae
    rotatores span 1 vertebrae/deep & short
  • support lumbar spine

O: transverse process
I: spinous processes of vertebrae above
A:
bilaterally: trunk extension
unilaterally: rotate to opposite side

55
Q

interspinales

A

A: trunk extension
N: spinal nerves

56
Q

quadratus lumborum

A

A: lateral bending
N: 12th thoracic & 1st lumbar nerves

  • reversal of muscle action
57
Q

prime mover(s) of trunk flexion

A

rectus abdominis
external & internal oblique

58
Q

prime mover(s) of compression of the abdomen

A
  • rectus abdominis
  • external & internal oblique, transverse abdominis
59
Q

prime mover(s) of trunk extension

A
  • erector spinae
  • transversospinalis & interspinales
60
Q

prime mover(s) of lateral bending

A
  • external & internal oblique
  • erector spinae
  • quadratus lumborum
61
Q

prime mover(s) of same side trunk rotation

A

internal oblique

62
Q

prime mover(s) of opposite side trunk rotation

A
  • external oblique
  • transversospinalis
63
Q

what is the composition of the TMJ?

A
  • 2 bones (temporal bone & mandible)
  • a disk
  • a joint capsule
  • 4 ligaments
  • 4 main muscles
64
Q

when the mandible is at rest, its condyle sits in the ____________

A

mandibular fossa

65
Q

describe the resting position of the TMJ

A

mouth closed, teeth mm apart

66
Q

mastoid process

A
  • posterior & inferior to ear
  • large, bony area
67
Q

what are the motions of the TMJ?

A

mandibular elevation & depression
lateral deviation
protrusion & retrusion

68
Q

list the daily activities that the TMJ is involved in

A
  • chewing
  • talking
  • yawning
  • swallowing
69
Q

what are the 4 main muscles of the TMJ?

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial & Lateral Pterygoid

70
Q

temporalis

A
  • broad & fan shaped

A:
bilaterally: elevation & retrusion
unilaterally: ipsilateral lateral deviation
N: cranial nerve V (5) trigeminal

71
Q

Masseter

A

A:
bilaterally: elevation
unilaterally: ipsilateral lateral deviation
N: cranial nerve V (trigeminal)

72
Q

medial pterygoid

A

A:
bilaterally: elevation & protrusion
unilaterally: contralateral lateral deviation
N: cranial nerve V (trigeminal)

73
Q

lateral ptergoid

A

A:
bilaterally: depression & protrusion
unilaterally: contralateral lateral deviation
N: cranial nerve V (trigeminal)

74
Q

what are the prime mover(s) of mandibular elevation?

A

temporalis
masseter
medial pterygoid

75
Q

what are the prime mover(s) of mandibular depression?

A

lateral pterygoid

76
Q

what are the prime mover(s) ipsilateral lateral deviation?

A

temporalis
masseter

77
Q

what are the prime mover(s) for contralateral lateral deviation?

A

medial & lateral pterygoid

78
Q

what are the prime mover(s) for protrusion?

A

medial & lateral pterygoids

79
Q

what are the prime mover(s) for retrusion?

A

temporalis

80
Q

what is the thoracic cage composed of?

A
  • sternum
  • ribs
  • costal cartilage
81
Q

describe the sternum

A

composed of
- manubrium
- sternal body
- xiphoid process (greek “sword”)

82
Q

describe the ribs

A
  • attach the posterior vertebral column to the anterior sternum
  • 24 ribs, 12 on each side
    true ribs (1-7) attach to sternum
    false ribs (8-10) indirect attachment via costal cartilage of 7th rib
    floating ribs (11-12) no anterior attachment
83
Q

which structures border the chest cavity

A
  • sternum borders anteriorly
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae border posteriorly
  • clavicle borders superiorly
  • diaphragm borders inferiorly
84
Q

describe the costovertebral joints

A

the ribs attach with the vertebrae at the body (facet) & transverse process

85
Q

describe the costovertebral articulations

A
  • ribs & sternum (costal cartilage in between)
    nonaxial, diarthrodial gliding joints
    little movement, but there is elevation & depression of the rib cage
86
Q

describe the mechanics of respiration

A
  • air flows from higher pressure to lower pressure until pressure is equalized
  • lungs are passive during breathing
87
Q

describe inhalation

A
  • ribs move up & out
  • diameter of chest increases > pressure decreases > air gets forced into the lungs
88
Q

describe the phases of inspiration

A

quiet inspiration at rest/sitting quietly; diaphragm & external intercostal ribs pull up

deep inspiration increased need for O2; breathes harder

forced inspiration worked hard, needs more O2

89
Q

describe exhalation

A
  • ribs return down and in
  • diameter of the chest decreases > pressure increases > air is forced out of the lungs
90
Q

describe the phases of expiration

A

quiet expiration most passive; relaxation of external intercostals (rib cage pulled down)

forced expiration actively uses mm that pull down on the ribs, compress the abdomen, and force the diaphragm up

91
Q

describe the internal & external intercostal muscles

A
  • at a right angle to each other
  • external: pull up to elevate ribs (superficial)
  • internal: pull down to depress ribs (deep)
92
Q

internal intercostal

A

expiration
O: rib below
I: rib above
A: depress ribs
N: intercostal T2-T6
runs superiorly & medially

93
Q

external intercostal

A

inspiration
O: rib above
I: rib below
A: elevate ribs
N: intercostal T2-T6
rubs inferiorly & medially

94
Q

describe the diaphragm muscle

A
  • large & dome shaped
  • separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
  • 3 openings for the esophagus, inferior vena cava, & aorta

because the muscle is mostly circular & inserts into the central tendon, & since the insertion is higher than the origin (xiphoid process, ribs, and lumbar vertebrae), the diaphragm pulls DOWN when it contracts

during contraction, the thoracic cavity becomes larger & the abdominal cavity becomes smaller

95
Q

what is the action & nerve of the diaphragm?

A

A: inhalation
N: phrenic nerve C3, C4, C5 keeps the body alive

96
Q

name the accessory muscles of inspiration

A

quiet
sternocleidomastoid
scalene muscles
pec major
deep
sternocleidomastoid
scalene muscles
pec major
levator costarum
serratus posterior superior
forced
pec minor
levator scapulae
upper trapezius
rhomboids

97
Q

which accessory muscles of inspiration perform reversal of muscle action?

A

sternocleidomastoid
pec major

98
Q

name the accessory muscles of expiration

A

quiet
quadratus lumborum
rectus abdominis
forced
quadratus lumborum
rectus abdominis
transverse abdominis
external & internal oblique
serratus posterior inferior

99
Q

describe diaphragmatic breathing

A
  • most effective method of breathing & requires the least amount of energy
  • diaphragm contracts & lowers, causes the abdomen to shrink, lungs to expand, & air to flow into the lungs
  • position: elevated HOB in supine, sitting, or standing
100
Q

describe chest breathing

A
  • greater effort because only upper portion of lungs is being used
  • shorter breaths
  • smaller volume of air drawn into lungs
  • more prone to hyperventilate & faint
101
Q

valsalva maneuver

A
  • occurs when trying to exhale while holding your breathe
  • causes an increase in intrathoracic pressure
  • traps venous blood in veins
  • when breathe is released:
    • “trapped” blood quickly goes to heart which increases HR & BP
  • could have no effect or lead to cardiac arrest

Kinesiology (4 decks)

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