Unit 2 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

name the key bones/bony landmarks of the shoulder complex

A
  • scapula
  • clavicle
  • sternum
  • humerus
  • rib cage
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2
Q

name the 3 joints and 1 articulation of the shoulder complex

A
  • sternoclavicular joint
  • acromioclavicular joint
  • glenohumeral joint
  • scapulothoracic articulation
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3
Q

the shoulder girdle is composed of which 2 bones?

A

scapula and clavicle

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4
Q

which joints allow for shoulder girdle motion?

A

SC & AC joints

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5
Q

how many muscles attach to the scapula, clavicle, or both to provide motion of the shoulder girdle?

A

5

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6
Q

what are the motions of the shoulder girdle?

A
  • elevation & depression
  • protraction & retraction - occurs with (abduction & adduction)
  • UR & DR
  • scapular tilt (occurs with hyperextension of the shoulder)
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7
Q

describe the scapula

A
  • located between ribs 2-7
  • spine of scapula is level with T3 and T4
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8
Q

describe the clavicle

A
  • “S” shaped and connects upper extremities to axial skeleton at SC joint
  • composed of sternal end, body, and acromial end
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9
Q

describe the sternum

A
  • composed of 3 divisions: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
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10
Q

the glenohumeral joint is composed of which 2 bones?

A
  • composed of the scapula & humerus
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11
Q

the glenohumeral joint is also known as

A

the shoulder joint

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12
Q

what are the motions of the glenohumeral joint?

A
  • flexion & extension
  • abduction & adduction
  • MR & LR
  • horizontal abduction & horizontal adduction
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13
Q

is the glenohumeral joint more mobile or more stable?

A

more mobile

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14
Q

what is the sternoclavicular joint composed of?

A
  • costoclavicular ligament - between the clavicle & rib limits clavicular elevation
  • interclavicular ligament - between clavicle & sternum limits clavicular depression
  • sternoclavicular ligament - connect to anterior & posterior surface of sternum provides reinforcement to clavicle
  • articular disk - between clavicle & sternum shock absorption
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15
Q

what does the sternoclavicular joint provide direct attachment of?

A

the shoulder girdle to the trunk of the body

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16
Q

what are the motions of the sternoclavicular joint?

A
  • elevation & depression disk & clavicle
  • protraction & retraction disk & sternum
  • rotation
    3 degrees of freedom
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17
Q

is the sternoclavicular joint more mobile or more stable?

A

more stable/strong

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18
Q

describe the acromioclavicular joint

A

a synovial joint with a weak capsule

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19
Q

what are the motions of the acromioclavicular joint?

A
  • elevation & depression
  • protraction & retraction
  • UR & DR
  • scapular tilt
    3 degrees of freedom
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20
Q

what is the acromioclavicular joint composed of?

A
  • acromioclavicular ligament - around acromial end of clavicle superior & inferior support of weak capsule
  • coracoacromial ligament - forms arch over head of humerus
  • coracoclavicular ligament - scapula to clavicle lateral trapezoid and deeper medial conoid
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21
Q

scapulohumeral rhythm

A
  • movement relationship between the shoulder girdle and shoulder joint
  • 2:1 ratio
    • first 30 degrees of joint elevation is pure joint motion
      after that
    • every 2 degrees of shoulder flexion or abduction = 1 degree of upward rotation from scapula
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22
Q

define winging (associated with scapulohumeral rhythm)

A

the medial border of the scapula lifts off of the thoracic wall in a posterior direction (not normal)

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23
Q

name and describe the muscles of the shoulder girdle that participate in reversal of muscle action (origin moves to insertion)

A
  • UPPER TRAP WITH SHOULDER GIRDLE STABILIZED - assists in extending the head & neck, lateral bending to same side, and rotating to opposite side
  • LOWER TRAP WITH SHOULDER STABILIZED - assists in elevating the trunk (particularly during crutch walking)
  • LEVATOR SCAPULA WITH SCAPULA STABILIZED - assists in rotating and laterally bending the neck to the same side
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24
Q

elevation prime movers (URL)

A
  • upper trap
  • rhomboids
  • levator scapula
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25
depression prime movers (LP)
- lower trap - pec minor
26
retraction prime movers (RM)
- rhomboids - middle trap
27
protraction prime movers (PmS)
- pec minor - serratus anterior
28
UR prime movers (SUL)
- serratus anterior - upper trap - lower trap
29
DR prime movers (PmRL)
- pec minor - rhomboids - levator scapula
30
scapular tilt prime mover
- pec minor
31
name the key bones and landmarks that make up the shoulder joint
- supraspinous fossa - infraspinous foss - subscapular fossa - humeral head (articulates with scapula) - anatomical neck (groove that separates head from tubercle) - surgical neck (just below the tubercles/where head meets body) - greater tubercle (provides attachment for supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor) - lesser tubercle (provides attachment for subscapularis) - glenoid labrum (fibrocartilagenous ring that deepens the articular cavity)
32
what are the motions of the shoulder joint?
- flexion, extension, & hyperextension - abduction, adduction, & circumduction - MR & LR - horizontal abduction & adduction - scaption (occurs approximately 30 degrees forward of the frontal plane/most common functional activities occur in this position)
33
describe the PLT sandwich
- Pec major, Lats, and Teres major -- lateral lip - *crest of greater tubercle* provides attachment for pec major -- medial floor - *crest of lesser tubercle* provides attachment for latissimus dorsi & teres major
34
describe the shoulder joint & the ligaments involved
- shoulder joint capsule is thin-walled from the rim of the glenoid fossa to the anatomical neck - glenohumeral ligaments - reinforce anterior capsule - coracohumeral ligaments - *from coracoid to medial side of greater tubercle* strengthens the upper part of the joint capsule *^^helps to prevent dislocation of the humeral head^^*
35
name the bursae involved with the shoulder joint
- subdeltoid bursa - subacromial bursa
36
shoulder joint flexion prime movers (AC)
- anterior deltoid - clavicular portion pec major
37
shoulder joint extension prime movers (SPLT)
- sternal portion pec major - posterior deltoid - latissimus dorsi - teres major
38
hyperextension prime movers (PL)
- posterior deltoid - latissimus dorsi
39
abduction prime movers (DS)
- deltoid - supraspinatus
40
adduction prime movers (PLT)
- pec major - latissimus dorsi - teres major
41
horizontal abduction prime movers (TIP)
- teres minor - infraspinatus - posterior deltoid
42
horizontal adduction prime movers (AP)
- anterior deltoid - pec major
43
LR prime movers (TIP too)
- teres minor - infraspinatus - posterior deltoid
44
MR prime movers (SPLAT)
- subscapularis - pec major - latissimus dorsi - anterior deltoid - teres major
45
what are the 3 bones involved with the elbow?
- radius - ulna - humerus
46
what are the 2 joint articulations of the elbow?
- *trochlea-U* humerus with ulna - *capitulum-R* humerus with radius
47
name and describe the 3 ligaments of the elbow
- *medial/ulnar collateral ligament* - triangular - starts from medial epicondyle of humerus & runs obliquely/diagonally to the medial sides of the coranoid process & olecranon process of ulna - *lateral/radial collateral ligament* - triangular - starts from lateral epicondyle of humerus & attaches to the annular ligament & lateral side of ulna **collateral ligaments reinforce capsule on the sides of the joint** - *annular ligament* - attaches anteriorly and posteriorly to radial notch of ulna & encompasses head of radius, holding it against the ulna (completely encircles/strengthens joint)
48
describe the 2 convex areas of the elbow
- trochlea (convex) articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna (concave) - capitulum (convex) articulates with the radial head (concave)
49
describe the elbow complex
- composed of the proximal and distal radioulnar joint - allows for pronation & supination of the forearm - radius moves around the ulna
50
define carrying angle & know the difference between men and women
- (in anatomical position) angle created by the humerus and forearm -- women: 10-15 degrees -- men: 5 degrees
51
define cubitus varus & excessive cubitus varus
- cubitus varus: angled more towards the midline of the body - excessive cubitus varus: excessive amount of angle away from the midline of the body
52
describe the end feels of the elbows
- soft tissue approximation in flexion - hard or bony in extension
53
describe the interosseous membrane of the elbow
keeps bones from separating & provides site of attachment for muscles of the forearm & wrist
54
elbow flexion prime movers (BBB)
- biceps brachii - brachialis - brachioradialis
55
elbow extension prime mover
- triceps
56
forearm supination prime movers (BS)
- biceps - supinator
57
forearm pronation prime movers (PP)
- pronator teres - pronator quadratus
58
which bones make up the wrist?
- radius - ulna
59
what are the landmarks of the wrist?
- radial styloid process - ulnar styloid process - hook of hamate: attachment for transverse carpal ligament
60
which 2 joints make up the wrist?
- *radiocarpal joint* - synovial, condyloid joint - biaxial joint - distal end of radius and radioulnar disk articulates with the scaphoid, lunate, & triquetrium - *midcarpal joint* - located between the 2 rows of carpal bones & contributes to joint motion - irregular shape - nonaxial joint that allows gliding
61
describe the carpometacarpal joint (CMC)
between the distal row of carpals (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate) & the proximal end of the metacarpals
62
name and describe the ligaments of the wrist
(1) *Radial Collateral Ligament*: runs from the radial styloid (laterally) to the lateral scaphoid and trapezium (2) *Ulnar Collateral Ligament*: runs from the ulna (medially) to the pisiform/provides (mostly) medial and lateral stability (3) *Palmar Radiocarpal Ligament*: thick, tough, strong/limits wrist extension (4) *Dorsal Radiocarpal Ligament*: limits wrist flexion **where it limits movement is where/how it's stretched**
63
palmar fascia
- *aka palmar asponeurosis* - thick and triangular shaped - protection - site of attachment for palmaris longus
64
what are the joint motions of the wrist?
- flexion & extension - UD & RD
65
wrist flexion prime movers
- FCR - FCU
66
wrist extension prime movers
- ECRL - ECRB - ECU
67
wrist RD prime movers
- ECRL - FCR
68
wrist UD prime movers
- FCU - EDU
69
sensory innervation of the wrist
median and radial nerves effect from the thumb to the middle of the ring finger
70
name & describe the 3 joints that make up the thumb?
(1) CMC (carpometacarpal) - between carpals & metacarpals - forms a saddle joint & allows for mobility/stability - *ROM* - flexion &extension, abduction & adduction, opposition & reposition (2) MCP (metacarpal phalange) - between metacarpals & proximal phalanges - *ROM* - flexion & extension (3) IP (interphalangial) - between phalanges & the thumb - *ROM* - flexion & extension
71
name and describe the 4 joints of digits 2-5
(1) CMC - the 5th digit has the most mobility & allows for opposition (2) MCP - knuckle articulation - *ROM* - flexion, extension, & hyperextension, abduction & adduction - middle finger as reference (does not abduct) (3) PIP (proximal interphalangial) - between proximal & middle phalanges - *ROM* - flexion & extension (4) DIP (distal interphalangial) - between middle & distal phalanges - *ROM* - flexion & extension
72
describe the flexor retinaculum
- composed of 2 ligaments: - palmar carpal ligament - transverse carpal ligament
73
describe the palmar & transverse carpal ligaments
- palmar carpal ligament: proximal & superficial - transverse carpal ligament: - arches over the carpal bones forming a tunnel that the median nn & extrinsic tendons pass through - job is to hold the flexor tendons in close to the wrist & prevent the carpal bones from spreading or separating
74
describe the extensor retinaculum
- broad, flat band on dorsum of the wrist - holds tendons close when performing wrist extension
75
name the power grips
- cylindrical - spherical - hook
76
name the precision grips
- pad to pad - pinch - 3 jaw chuck - tip to tip - pad to side - side to side - lumbrical grip