Unit 2 Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
name the key bones/bony landmarks of the shoulder complex
A
- scapula
- clavicle
- sternum
- humerus
- rib cage
2
Q
name the 3 joints and 1 articulation of the shoulder complex
A
- sternoclavicular joint
- acromioclavicular joint
- glenohumeral joint
- scapulothoracic articulation
3
Q
the shoulder girdle is composed of which 2 bones?
A
scapula and clavicle
4
Q
which joints allow for shoulder girdle motion?
A
SC & AC joints
5
Q
how many muscles attach to the scapula, clavicle, or both to provide motion of the shoulder girdle?
A
5
6
Q
what are the motions of the shoulder girdle?
A
- elevation & depression
- protraction & retraction - occurs with (abduction & adduction)
- UR & DR
- scapular tilt (occurs with hyperextension of the shoulder)
7
Q
describe the scapula
A
- located between ribs 2-7
- spine of scapula is level with T3 and T4
8
Q
describe the clavicle
A
- “S” shaped and connects upper extremities to axial skeleton at SC joint
- composed of sternal end, body, and acromial end
9
Q
describe the sternum
A
- composed of 3 divisions: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
10
Q
the glenohumeral joint is composed of which 2 bones?
A
- composed of the scapula & humerus
11
Q
the glenohumeral joint is also known as
A
the shoulder joint
12
Q
what are the motions of the glenohumeral joint?
A
- flexion & extension
- abduction & adduction
- MR & LR
- horizontal abduction & horizontal adduction
13
Q
is the glenohumeral joint more mobile or more stable?
A
more mobile
14
Q
what is the sternoclavicular joint composed of?
A
- costoclavicular ligament - between the clavicle & rib limits clavicular elevation
- interclavicular ligament - between clavicle & sternum limits clavicular depression
- sternoclavicular ligament - connect to anterior & posterior surface of sternum provides reinforcement to clavicle
- articular disk - between clavicle & sternum shock absorption
15
Q
what does the sternoclavicular joint provide direct attachment of?
A
the shoulder girdle to the trunk of the body
16
Q
what are the motions of the sternoclavicular joint?
A
- elevation & depression disk & clavicle
- protraction & retraction disk & sternum
- rotation
3 degrees of freedom
17
Q
is the sternoclavicular joint more mobile or more stable?
A
more stable/strong
18
Q
describe the acromioclavicular joint
A
a synovial joint with a weak capsule
19
Q
what are the motions of the acromioclavicular joint?
A
- elevation & depression
- protraction & retraction
- UR & DR
- scapular tilt
3 degrees of freedom
20
Q
what is the acromioclavicular joint composed of?
A
- acromioclavicular ligament - around acromial end of clavicle superior & inferior support of weak capsule
- coracoacromial ligament - forms arch over head of humerus
- coracoclavicular ligament - scapula to clavicle lateral trapezoid and deeper medial conoid
21
Q
scapulohumeral rhythm
A
- movement relationship between the shoulder girdle and shoulder joint
- 2:1 ratio
- first 30 degrees of joint elevation is pure joint motion
after that - every 2 degrees of shoulder flexion or abduction = 1 degree of upward rotation from scapula
- first 30 degrees of joint elevation is pure joint motion
22
Q
define winging (associated with scapulohumeral rhythm)
A
the medial border of the scapula lifts off of the thoracic wall in a posterior direction (not normal)
23
Q
name and describe the muscles of the shoulder girdle that participate in reversal of muscle action (origin moves to insertion)
A
- UPPER TRAP WITH SHOULDER GIRDLE STABILIZED - assists in extending the head & neck, lateral bending to same side, and rotating to opposite side
- LOWER TRAP WITH SHOULDER STABILIZED - assists in elevating the trunk (particularly during crutch walking)
- LEVATOR SCAPULA WITH SCAPULA STABILIZED - assists in rotating and laterally bending the neck to the same side
24
Q
elevation prime movers (URL)
A
- upper trap
- rhomboids
- levator scapula
25
depression prime movers (LP)
- lower trap
- pec minor
26
retraction prime movers (RM)
- rhomboids
- middle trap
27
protraction prime movers (PmS)
- pec minor
- serratus anterior
28
UR prime movers (SUL)
- serratus anterior
- upper trap
- lower trap
29
DR prime movers (PmRL)
- pec minor
- rhomboids
- levator scapula
30
scapular tilt prime mover
- pec minor
31
name the key bones and landmarks that make up the shoulder joint
- supraspinous fossa
- infraspinous foss
- subscapular fossa
- humeral head (articulates with scapula)
- anatomical neck (groove that separates head from tubercle)
- surgical neck (just below the tubercles/where head meets body)
- greater tubercle (provides attachment for supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor)
- lesser tubercle (provides attachment for subscapularis)
- glenoid labrum (fibrocartilagenous ring that deepens the articular cavity)
32
what are the motions of the shoulder joint?
- flexion, extension, & hyperextension
- abduction, adduction, & circumduction
- MR & LR
- horizontal abduction & adduction
- scaption (occurs approximately 30 degrees forward of the frontal plane/most common functional activities occur in this position)
33
describe the PLT sandwich
- Pec major, Lats, and Teres major
-- lateral lip - *crest of greater tubercle* provides attachment for pec major
-- medial floor - *crest of lesser tubercle* provides attachment for latissimus dorsi & teres major
34
describe the shoulder joint & the ligaments involved
- shoulder joint capsule is thin-walled from the rim of the glenoid fossa to the anatomical neck
- glenohumeral ligaments - reinforce anterior capsule
- coracohumeral ligaments - *from coracoid to medial side of greater tubercle* strengthens the upper part of the joint capsule
*^^helps to prevent dislocation of the humeral head^^*
35
name the bursae involved with the shoulder joint
- subdeltoid bursa
- subacromial bursa
36
shoulder joint flexion prime movers (AC)
- anterior deltoid
- clavicular portion pec major
37
shoulder joint extension prime movers (SPLT)
- sternal portion pec major
- posterior deltoid
- latissimus dorsi
- teres major
38
hyperextension prime movers (PL)
- posterior deltoid
- latissimus dorsi
39
abduction prime movers (DS)
- deltoid
- supraspinatus
40
adduction prime movers (PLT)
- pec major
- latissimus dorsi
- teres major
41
horizontal abduction prime movers (TIP)
- teres minor
- infraspinatus
- posterior deltoid
42
horizontal adduction prime movers (AP)
- anterior deltoid
- pec major
43
LR prime movers (TIP too)
- teres minor
- infraspinatus
- posterior deltoid
44
MR prime movers (SPLAT)
- subscapularis
- pec major
- latissimus dorsi
- anterior deltoid
- teres major
45
what are the 3 bones involved with the elbow?
- radius
- ulna
- humerus
46
what are the 2 joint articulations of the elbow?
- *trochlea-U* humerus with ulna
- *capitulum-R* humerus with radius
47
name and describe the 3 ligaments of the elbow
- *medial/ulnar collateral ligament*
- triangular
- starts from medial epicondyle of humerus & runs obliquely/diagonally to the medial sides of the coranoid process & olecranon process of ulna
- *lateral/radial collateral ligament*
- triangular
- starts from lateral epicondyle of humerus & attaches to the annular ligament & lateral side of ulna
**collateral ligaments reinforce capsule on the sides of the joint**
- *annular ligament*
- attaches anteriorly and posteriorly to radial notch of ulna & encompasses head of radius, holding it against the ulna (completely encircles/strengthens joint)
48
describe the 2 convex areas of the elbow
- trochlea (convex) articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna (concave)
- capitulum (convex) articulates with the radial head (concave)
49
describe the elbow complex
- composed of the proximal and distal radioulnar joint
- allows for pronation & supination of the forearm
- radius moves around the ulna
50
define carrying angle & know the difference between men and women
- (in anatomical position) angle created by the humerus and forearm
-- women: 10-15 degrees
-- men: 5 degrees
51
define cubitus varus & excessive cubitus varus
- cubitus varus: angled more towards the midline of the body
- excessive cubitus varus: excessive amount of angle away from the midline of the body
52
describe the end feels of the elbows
- soft tissue approximation in flexion
- hard or bony in extension
53
describe the interosseous membrane of the elbow
keeps bones from separating & provides site of attachment for muscles of the forearm & wrist
54
elbow flexion prime movers (BBB)
- biceps brachii
- brachialis
- brachioradialis
55
elbow extension prime mover
- triceps
56
forearm supination prime movers (BS)
- biceps
- supinator
57
forearm pronation prime movers (PP)
- pronator teres
- pronator quadratus
58
which bones make up the wrist?
- radius
- ulna
59
what are the landmarks of the wrist?
- radial styloid process
- ulnar styloid process
- hook of hamate: attachment for transverse carpal ligament
60
which 2 joints make up the wrist?
- *radiocarpal joint*
- synovial, condyloid joint
- biaxial joint
- distal end of radius and radioulnar disk articulates with the scaphoid, lunate, & triquetrium
- *midcarpal joint*
- located between the 2 rows of carpal bones & contributes to joint motion
- irregular shape
- nonaxial joint that allows gliding
61
describe the carpometacarpal joint (CMC)
between the distal row of carpals (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate) & the proximal end of the metacarpals
62
name and describe the ligaments of the wrist
(1) *Radial Collateral Ligament*: runs from the radial styloid (laterally) to the lateral scaphoid and trapezium
(2) *Ulnar Collateral Ligament*: runs from the ulna (medially) to the pisiform/provides (mostly) medial and lateral stability
(3) *Palmar Radiocarpal Ligament*: thick, tough, strong/limits wrist extension
(4) *Dorsal Radiocarpal Ligament*: limits wrist flexion
**where it limits movement is where/how it's stretched**
63
palmar fascia
- *aka palmar asponeurosis*
- thick and triangular shaped
- protection
- site of attachment for palmaris longus
64
what are the joint motions of the wrist?
- flexion & extension
- UD & RD
65
wrist flexion prime movers
- FCR
- FCU
66
wrist extension prime movers
- ECRL
- ECRB
- ECU
67
wrist RD prime movers
- ECRL
- FCR
68
wrist UD prime movers
- FCU
- EDU
69
sensory innervation of the wrist
median and radial nerves effect from the thumb to the middle of the ring finger
70
name & describe the 3 joints that make up the thumb?
(1) CMC (carpometacarpal)
- between carpals & metacarpals
- forms a saddle joint & allows for mobility/stability
- *ROM* - flexion &extension, abduction & adduction, opposition & reposition
(2) MCP (metacarpal phalange)
- between metacarpals & proximal phalanges
- *ROM* - flexion & extension
(3) IP (interphalangial)
- between phalanges & the thumb
- *ROM* - flexion & extension
71
name and describe the 4 joints of digits 2-5
(1) CMC
- the 5th digit has the most mobility & allows for opposition
(2) MCP
- knuckle articulation
- *ROM* - flexion, extension, & hyperextension, abduction
& adduction
- middle finger as reference (does not abduct)
(3) PIP (proximal interphalangial)
- between proximal & middle phalanges
- *ROM* - flexion & extension
(4) DIP (distal interphalangial)
- between middle & distal phalanges
- *ROM* - flexion & extension
72
describe the flexor retinaculum
- composed of 2 ligaments:
- palmar carpal ligament
- transverse carpal ligament
73
describe the palmar & transverse carpal ligaments
- palmar carpal ligament: proximal & superficial
- transverse carpal ligament:
- arches over the carpal bones forming a tunnel that the median nn & extrinsic tendons pass through
- job is to hold the flexor tendons in close to the wrist & prevent the carpal bones from spreading or separating
74
describe the extensor retinaculum
- broad, flat band on dorsum of the wrist
- holds tendons close when performing wrist extension
75
name the power grips
- cylindrical
- spherical
- hook
76
name the precision grips
- pad to pad
- pinch
- 3 jaw chuck
- tip to tip
- pad to side
- side to side
- lumbrical grip
