Unit 1 Lecture Flashcards
define kinesiology
the study of movement over different fields of study
define biomechanics
static and dynamic movements that occur with activity
define kinetics
forces causing movements
define kinematics
time, space, and mass of moving objects
describe caudal and cranial
caudal - towards the feet
cranial - towards the head
describe supine and prone
supine - on your back/face up
prone - on your stomach/face down
describe contralateral and ipsilateral
contralateral - the opposite side (usually referring to left or right)
ipsilateral - the same side
what makes up the upper extremities?
arm
forearm
hand
what makes up the lower extremities?
thigh
lower leg
foot
what makes up the trunk of the body?
thorax
abdomen
what are the 2 types of motion?
linear and angular
define linear motion
refers to motion outside of the body
motion in a straight line/ all parts move at the same time, direction, and distance
define angular motion
refers to most motion happening inside the body
movement around a fixed point
describe flexion, extension, and hyper extension
flexion - forward/upward movement
extension - back to starting point
hyperextension - backward/downward movement
describe plantar flexion and dorsal flexion
plantar flexion - toes toward ground, heel up
dorsiflexion - heel toward ground, toes pointed up
describe abduction and adduction
abduction - away from midline
adduction - back towards midline
define arthrokinematics
(think joint)
refers to what’s going on inside the joint
CANNOT PERFORM ARTHROKINEMATIC MOTION WITHOUT OSTEOKINEMATIC MOTION
define osteokinematics
(think bone)
one bone moving on another
CANNOT PERFORM OSTEOKINEMATIC MOTION WITH ARTHROKINEMATIC MOTION
name and describe the types of motion associated with osteokinematics
(AROM) active range of motion - when a bone is moved by muscle contraction
(PROM) passive range of motion - when a bone is moved by another person or a machine
name and describe the types of motion associated with athrokinematic motion
joint surface motion - how adjoining joint surfaces move on another during joint motion
accessory motion/joint play - ROLL, SPIN, GLIDE/SLIDE passive movements between joint surfaces (not under voluntary control)
what are functions of the skeletal system?
give support and shape to the body
protect vitals organs
storage reservoir for calcium
assist in movement by providing a rigid structure for muscle attachment and leverage
manufactures blood cells in various locations
how many bones make up the body?
206
describe the axial skeleton
80 bones
head, thorax, spine, and sternum
describe the appendicular skeleton
126 bones
makes up the extremities
describe the composition of bone
made of several types of tissue
- fibrous, cartilagenous, nervous, vascular
1/3 organic - gives elasticity
2/3 inorganic - gives hardness and strength
what is bone made of?
compact bone and cancellous bone
describe compact bone
- hard, dense outer shell that tends to be thick along the shaft and thin at the end of long bones
- lines the outer surface of ALL bones
- ordered arrangement of bone tissue
describe cancellous bone
- porous and spongy portion of bone (trabeculae)
- trabeculae tend to be filled with marrow and make the bone lighter
- makes up most of the articular ends of bones
what are the 3 types of bone cells?
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts
describe osteoblasts
build up bone tissue by secreting matrix tissue of the bone
describe osteocytes
osteoblasts that have become fully surrounded by the matrix and now lay in small chambers of the bony matrix
describe osteoclasts
break down bone tissue by breaking down the matrix tissue
name the structures of bone
epiphysis
diaphysis
medullary canal
endosteum
periosteum
describe the epiphysis and its purpose
expanded end of a long bone
wider to allow for a larger joint surface
purpose: to articulate with another bone
**osseus in adult bones
**cartilagenous material called the epiphyseal plate in growing bones
describe the diaphysis
main shaft of a bone composed mainly of compact bone/ **strong
the center is the medullary canal
describe the medullary canal
hollow, tube-like cavity within the diaphysis of a long bone that houses soft tissue known as bone marrow
describe the endosteum
thin membrane that lines the INNER surface of the bone within the medullary canal
endosteum has no blood supply, so it cannot repair itself - canal contains cells important for forming and repairing bones
well innervated with sensory and autonomic neurons
describe the periosteum
thin, fibrous membrane that surrounds the entire bone EXCEPT the articular surfaces
provides a site of attachment for ligaments and tendons
houses cells that are important in forming and repairing bone tissue & blood vessels that provide vascular supply to the bone
highly innervated with nerves fibers
name the types of bones
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid
describe long bones
length is greater than width
largest bones in the body
make up most of the appendicular skeleton
has a long shaft with 2 bulbous ends
withstands strong forces without bending
describe short bones
have more equal dimensions of height, length, and width (cube-shaped)
typically articulate with more than one bone
describe flat bones
have a broad, curved surface and isn’t very thick
describe irregular bones
mixed shapes
describe sesamoid bones
small bones that resemble sesame seeds
located where tendons cross the ends of long bones
develop in tendons and protect from excessive wear
may change attachment angle of a tendon
define foramen
hole that allows passage
define fossa
hollow or depression
define groove/meatus/sinus
ditch-like
**holds tendon or blood vessel
define condyle
rounded, knuckle-like projection
define eminence
projection/prominent part of a bone
define facet
flat/shallow articular surface
define a head of a bone
rounded articular structure beyond a narrow, neck-like structure
define epicondyle
protrudes on or above the condyle of a long bone
define crest
sharp ridge or border
describe line
less prominent ridge
define tubercle
small, rounded projection coming off of a bone
define tuberosity
large, rounded projection
define trochanter
very large prominence for muscle attachment
describe fracture
aka broken/cracked bone
a break in the continuity of the bony cortex - can be caused by direct force, indirect force, or pathology
describe osteoporosis
a condition characterized by loss of normal bone density or bone mass - can weaken a bone to the point where it will fracture
describe osteomyelitis
an infection of the bone usually caused by bacteria
describe osgood-schlatter’s disease
overuse that causes irritation and inflammation at the tibial tuberosity in children whose bones are still growing
describe the functions of the articular system
allow motion
bear weight of the body
provide stability
contains synovial fluid that lubricates joints and nourishes cartilage
what are the 3 types of joints?
fibrous
cartilagenous
synovial
describe fibrous joints
allow little to no motion, but lots of stability
include 3 types:
-synarthrosis - suture joint (like pieces of a puzzle)
-syndesmosis - ligamentous type/held together by fibrous tissue such as ligaments and interosseus membranes
-gomphosis - bolting together/ball in socket
describe cartilagenous joints
aka amphiarthrodial joints
allow a small amount of motion
cartilage between 2 bones
describe synovial joints
aka diarthordial joint
4 classifications
typically allow free motion and have no direct union
always surrounded by a joint capsule, lined by synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid
articular surface covered with hyaline/articular cartilage
name and describe the classifications of synovial joints
nonaxial - no plane or axis
- irregular shape - gliding motion
uniaxial - 1 plane and 1 axis
- hinge and pivot - flexion/extension
biaxial - 2 planes and 2 axes
- can of pringles - flexion/extension, adduction/abduction
triaxial - 3 planes and 3 axes
- ball and socket - flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, rotation
what are the structures of a joint?
*bones
ligaments
capsule
cartilage
tendons
bursae
describe bones in association with joints
articulate
the amount and direction of motion allowed at the joint is influenced by shape of bone ends and articular surface
describe ligaments
band of fibrous connective tissue that hold together and support bones of joints
nonelastic but has some flexibility
describe capsules
surrounds and covers the joint and protects articular surfaces of bone
can be complete or incomplete - may only cover a portion of a joint
includes 2 layers:
*inner layer - lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid
describe cartilage
thick, fibrous connective tissue
3 types:
hyaline/articular - covers ends of bones/smooth surface for articulating synovial joints no blood supply = nutrients from synovial fluid
fibrocartilage - shock absorber
elastic cartilage - helps maintain shape
describe tendons
provide attachments of muscle to bone
some are flat, some are cord-like, and some have a sheath surrounding
describe bursae
small fluid filled sacs found amongst most joints - reduce friction between moving parts
define planes
fixed lines of reference along which the body is divided
define axes
points that run through the center of a joint around which a part rotates
JOINT MOVEMENT OCCURS AROUND AN AXIS THAT IS ALWAYS PERPENDICULAR TO ITS PLANE
name and describe the 3 planes and their axes
sagittal plane (left/right) - frontal axis - flexion/extension
frontal plane (front/back) - sagittal axis - abduction/adduction
transverse plane (top/bottom) - vertical axis - horizontal abduction/adduction, any rotation
define cardinal planes
when a plane passes through a midline/divides into equal parts
define center of gravity (COG)
point where the cardinal planes intersect
define degrees of freedom
the number of planes in which a joint can rotate
define dislocation
the complete separation of the 2 articular surfaces of a joint
define subluxation
partial dislocation of a joint that usually occurs over a period of time
define osteoarthritis
a type of arthritis that is caused by the break down and eventual loss of the cartilage of one more joints
define sprains
partial or complete tearing of ligament fibers
define strains
the overstretching of muscle fibers
define tendonitis
inflammation of a tendon
define tenosynovitis
inflammation of the tendon sheath - often caused by repetitive use
define synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane
define bursitis
inflammation of the bursa
define capsulitis
inflammation of the joint capsule
define end feel
an assessment of the quality of feel when slight pressure is applied at the end of PROM for a joint
*amount if PROM available and the end feel will help to determine what structures may be involved
name and describe normal end feels
bony - hard and solid stop to PROM
firm - firm resistance when joint range is limited by capsule (ex - toes can’t touch shin)
soft/soft tissue approximation - motion is stopped by muscle bulk
name and describe abnormal end feels
empty - motion stopped by patient pain before limitation is felt
spasm - motion stopped by reflex muscle contraction, acute injury, or lesion
springy block - rebound of motion is felt and seen
boggy - motion is limited by fluid (edema)
extended - no resistance felt with normal ROM - too much motion is present - instability or hypermobility
describe the concave-convex rule
concAve (HOLE) joint surface moves in the sAme direction of the joint motion
convex (BALL) joint surface moves in the opposite direction of the joint motion
describe open and close pack positions
open pack - resting position/ loose
close pack - tight surfaces/ little room
what is a muscle?
a bundle of attachment tissue
define agonist/prime mover
the muscle or groups of muscle that are contracting
define assisting mover
not as effective in motion as the agonist, but helps in muscle movement
define antagonist
the muscle or group of muscles on the opposite side of the contracting muscle that performs opposite muscle action
define insertion
tends to be the more “moveable bone”
define origin
tends to be the more stable bone and is typically located closer to the trunk
describe the relationship between the origin and insertion
when a muscle contracts it shortens and the insertion typically moves towards the origin
define reversal of muscle action
when the origin moves toward the insertion
define stabilizer
muscle or group of muscles that supports and allows the agonist to work more efficiently
define synergist
muscle that works with one or more muscles to enhance a particular motion
define contraction
when the agonist and antagonist contract at the same time
describe the components of naming a muscle
location
shape
action
number of divisions
attachments
direction of fibers
size of muscle
what are the types of fiber arrangements
strap
fusiform
rhomboidal
triangular
unipennate
bipennate
multipennate
(refer to powerpoint for pictures)
greater vertical pull
allows for elevation and depression
greater horizontal pull
allows for protracting and retracting
equal vertical and horizontal pull
allows motion in both planes
define tension
the force built up within a muscle
what kind of tension is built up from stretching a muscle?
passive involves noncontractile units
contractile units are associated with what kind of tension?
active
define total tension
a combination of active and passive motion
define tone
the readiness or presence of slight tension in a muscle at all times (even at rest) which allows the muscle to act quickly if it needs to
how long is muscle at its resting state, when shortened, and when lengthened?
at rest: 6 in
can be shortened by 1/2
*can be lengthened by 1.5X)
shortened: 3 in
lengthened: 9 in
name and describe the functional characteristics of muscle
normal resting length - length when muscle is not simulated
irritability - ability of a muscle to contract to a stimulus
contractibility - ability of a muscle to contract when it is stimulated enough
extensibility - ability of a muscle to stretch/lengthen when force is applied
elasticity - ability of a muscle to recoil after the force and come back to normal length
define excursion
distance from maximal elongation to maximal shortening
describe excursion for 1 and 2 joint muscles
1 joint muscles - usually has enough excursion to allow the joint to move through its full range of motion
2 joint muscles - usually doesn’t have enough excursion to allow the joints to move through the combined range of motion of all joints that it crosses
what is active insufficiency?
when a muscle reaches a point where it can’t stretch any further - it runs out of contractibility before it runs out of ROM (prevents full ROM)
example: when flexing your knee, your foot can’t reach your butt without you pulling it up.
what is passive insufficiency?
when a muscle can’t be elongated any further without causing damage to its fibers/length of a muscle isn’t long enough to fully stretch over 2 joints
example: when standing and reaching down to touch your toes, trying to stretch over the hip and knee joint causes the hamstrings to feel tight
describe stretching
used to maintain or regain the normal resting length of a muscle and is should be the opposite of muscle contraction
what are the 3 types of muscle contraction?
isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic
describe isometric muscle contraction
the muscle contracts, but the length of the muscle doesn’t change
little to no joint movement
*commonly used in early phases of rehabilitation and strengthening
describe isotonic muscle contraction
2 types: concentric and eccentric
concentric - make the muscle do what the muscle does muscle attachments move closer together, movement is usually occurring against gravity, an acceleration activity
eccentric: muscle attachments move farther apart, movements usually occur with gravity, a deceleration activity
describe isokinetic muscle contraction
resistance varies, but speed and velocity stay the same
muscle is strongest in midrange
describe an open kinetic chain
distal segment free/proximal segment can be stationary
example: quad extension
describe a closed kinetic chain
proximal segment free/distal end fixed
example: repeatedly standing and sitting in a chair
what are the divisions of the nervous system?
central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
describe the ANS
control of visceral structures - sympathetic & parasympathetic
describe the CNS
brain:
cerebrum: right and left cerebral hemispheres (with further divisions)
brainstem: midbrain, pons & medulla
cerebellum - little brain
spinal cord:
runs through vertebral foramen
17 inches long
runs from the foramen magnum to the conus medullaris (L2)
below L2 are a connection of nerve roots - cauda equina (L2 - S5)
describe sensory and motor impulses
sensory (afferent) impulses: periphery > spine > brain/comes into dorsal horn
motor (efferent) impulses: brain > spinal cord > periphery/comes out of anterior horn
describe the PNS
made up of nerve tissue outside of vertebral canal
12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves:
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
define dermatome
the area of SKIN supplied with SENSORY fibers of a spinal nerve
define myotome
muscle or group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve (motor)
what are the 3 major plexus formations?
cervical plexus
brachial plexus
lumbosacral plexus
describe the cervical plexus
C1-C4
innervates muscles of the neck
describe the brachial plexus
C5-T1
innervates muscles of the upper limbs
Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches
roots: 5 roots make 3 trunks (C5-nn5/ C6-nn6/ C7-nn 7 and 8/ T1-nn 1)
trunks: each split into 2 divisons (superior-c5 & c6/ middle-c7/ inferior-c8 & t1)
divisions: anterior and superior/3 cords come from here
cords: lateral, posterior & middle/ 5 peripheral nn are branches of the cords
branches: LATERAL CORD- musculocutaneous c5, 6, 7/ POSTERIOR CORD- axillary c5, 6/ POSTERIOR CORD- radial c5-t1/ LATERAL AND MEDIAL CORDS- medial c6-t1/ MEDIAL CORD- ulnar c8, t1
describe the lumbosacral plexus
L1-S3
innervates muscles of the lower limb
8 roots (all divide into inferior & superior except L3)
the divisions join to form main peripheral nn
(1) gluteal region - superior gluteal L4-S1/inferior L5-S2
(2) lower limb - obturator L2-L4/ femoral L2-L4
(3) sciatic - common peripheral/fibular L4-S2 *divides into superficial and deep peroneal nn)/ tibial L4-S3 divides into medial and lateral plantar nn
