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Kinesiology > Unit 1 Lecture > Flashcards

Unit 1 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

define kinesiology

A

the study of movement over different fields of study

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2
Q

define biomechanics

A

static and dynamic movements that occur with activity

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3
Q

define kinetics

A

forces causing movements

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4
Q

define kinematics

A

time, space, and mass of moving objects

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5
Q

describe caudal and cranial

A

caudal - towards the feet
cranial - towards the head

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6
Q

describe supine and prone

A

supine - on your back/face up
prone - on your stomach/face down

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7
Q

describe contralateral and ipsilateral

A

contralateral - the opposite side (usually referring to left or right)
ipsilateral - the same side

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8
Q

what makes up the upper extremities?

A

arm
forearm
hand

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9
Q

what makes up the lower extremities?

A

thigh
lower leg
foot

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10
Q

what makes up the trunk of the body?

A

thorax
abdomen

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11
Q

what are the 2 types of motion?

A

linear and angular

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12
Q

define linear motion

A

refers to motion outside of the body
motion in a straight line/ all parts move at the same time, direction, and distance

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13
Q

define angular motion

A

refers to most motion happening inside the body
movement around a fixed point

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14
Q

describe flexion, extension, and hyper extension

A

flexion - forward/upward movement
extension - back to starting point
hyperextension - backward/downward movement

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15
Q

describe plantar flexion and dorsal flexion

A

plantar flexion - toes toward ground, heel up
dorsiflexion - heel toward ground, toes pointed up

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16
Q

describe abduction and adduction

A

abduction - away from midline
adduction - back towards midline

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17
Q

define arthrokinematics
(think joint)

A

refers to what’s going on inside the joint
CANNOT PERFORM ARTHROKINEMATIC MOTION WITHOUT OSTEOKINEMATIC MOTION

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18
Q

define osteokinematics
(think bone)

A

one bone moving on another
CANNOT PERFORM OSTEOKINEMATIC MOTION WITH ARTHROKINEMATIC MOTION

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19
Q

name and describe the types of motion associated with osteokinematics

A

(AROM) active range of motion - when a bone is moved by muscle contraction
(PROM) passive range of motion - when a bone is moved by another person or a machine

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20
Q

name and describe the types of motion associated with athrokinematic motion

A

joint surface motion - how adjoining joint surfaces move on another during joint motion
accessory motion/joint play - ROLL, SPIN, GLIDE/SLIDE passive movements between joint surfaces (not under voluntary control)

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21
Q

what are functions of the skeletal system?

A

give support and shape to the body
protect vitals organs
storage reservoir for calcium

assist in movement by providing a rigid structure for muscle attachment and leverage

manufactures blood cells in various locations

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22
Q

how many bones make up the body?

A

206

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23
Q

describe the axial skeleton

A

80 bones
head, thorax, spine, and sternum

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24
Q

describe the appendicular skeleton

A

126 bones
makes up the extremities

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25
Q

describe the composition of bone

A

made of several types of tissue
- fibrous, cartilagenous, nervous, vascular

1/3 organic - gives elasticity
2/3 inorganic - gives hardness and strength

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26
Q

what is bone made of?

A

compact bone and cancellous bone

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27
Q

describe compact bone

A
  • hard, dense outer shell that tends to be thick along the shaft and thin at the end of long bones
  • lines the outer surface of ALL bones
  • ordered arrangement of bone tissue
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28
Q

describe cancellous bone

A
  • porous and spongy portion of bone (trabeculae)
  • trabeculae tend to be filled with marrow and make the bone lighter
  • makes up most of the articular ends of bones
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29
Q

what are the 3 types of bone cells?

A

osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

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30
Q

describe osteoblasts

A

build up bone tissue by secreting matrix tissue of the bone

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31
Q

describe osteocytes

A

osteoblasts that have become fully surrounded by the matrix and now lay in small chambers of the bony matrix

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32
Q

describe osteoclasts

A

break down bone tissue by breaking down the matrix tissue

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33
Q

name the structures of bone

A

epiphysis
diaphysis
medullary canal
endosteum
periosteum

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34
Q

describe the epiphysis and its purpose

A

expanded end of a long bone
wider to allow for a larger joint surface
purpose: to articulate with another bone

**osseus in adult bones
**cartilagenous material called the epiphyseal plate in growing bones

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35
Q

describe the diaphysis

A

main shaft of a bone composed mainly of compact bone/ **strong
the center is the medullary canal

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36
Q

describe the medullary canal

A

hollow, tube-like cavity within the diaphysis of a long bone that houses soft tissue known as bone marrow

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37
Q

describe the endosteum

A

thin membrane that lines the INNER surface of the bone within the medullary canal

endosteum has no blood supply, so it cannot repair itself - canal contains cells important for forming and repairing bones

well innervated with sensory and autonomic neurons

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38
Q

describe the periosteum

A

thin, fibrous membrane that surrounds the entire bone EXCEPT the articular surfaces
provides a site of attachment for ligaments and tendons
houses cells that are important in forming and repairing bone tissue & blood vessels that provide vascular supply to the bone
highly innervated with nerves fibers

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39
Q

name the types of bones

A

long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid

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40
Q

describe long bones

A

length is greater than width
largest bones in the body
make up most of the appendicular skeleton
has a long shaft with 2 bulbous ends
withstands strong forces without bending

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41
Q

describe short bones

A

have more equal dimensions of height, length, and width (cube-shaped)
typically articulate with more than one bone

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42
Q

describe flat bones

A

have a broad, curved surface and isn’t very thick

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43
Q

describe irregular bones

A

mixed shapes

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44
Q

describe sesamoid bones

A

small bones that resemble sesame seeds
located where tendons cross the ends of long bones
develop in tendons and protect from excessive wear
may change attachment angle of a tendon

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45
Q

define foramen

A

hole that allows passage

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46
Q

define fossa

A

hollow or depression

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47
Q

define groove/meatus/sinus

A

ditch-like
**holds tendon or blood vessel

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48
Q

define condyle

A

rounded, knuckle-like projection

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49
Q

define eminence

A

projection/prominent part of a bone

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50
Q

define facet

A

flat/shallow articular surface

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51
Q

define a head of a bone

A

rounded articular structure beyond a narrow, neck-like structure

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52
Q

define epicondyle

A

protrudes on or above the condyle of a long bone

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53
Q

define crest

A

sharp ridge or border

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54
Q

describe line

A

less prominent ridge

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55
Q

define tubercle

A

small, rounded projection coming off of a bone

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56
Q

define tuberosity

A

large, rounded projection

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57
Q

define trochanter

A

very large prominence for muscle attachment

58
Q

describe fracture

A

aka broken/cracked bone
a break in the continuity of the bony cortex - can be caused by direct force, indirect force, or pathology

59
Q

describe osteoporosis

A

a condition characterized by loss of normal bone density or bone mass - can weaken a bone to the point where it will fracture

60
Q

describe osteomyelitis

A

an infection of the bone usually caused by bacteria

61
Q

describe osgood-schlatter’s disease

A

overuse that causes irritation and inflammation at the tibial tuberosity in children whose bones are still growing

62
Q

describe the functions of the articular system

A

allow motion
bear weight of the body
provide stability
contains synovial fluid that lubricates joints and nourishes cartilage

63
Q

what are the 3 types of joints?

A

fibrous
cartilagenous
synovial

64
Q

describe fibrous joints

A

allow little to no motion, but lots of stability
include 3 types:
-synarthrosis - suture joint (like pieces of a puzzle)
-syndesmosis - ligamentous type/held together by fibrous tissue such as ligaments and interosseus membranes
-gomphosis - bolting together/ball in socket

65
Q

describe cartilagenous joints

A

aka amphiarthrodial joints
allow a small amount of motion
cartilage between 2 bones

66
Q

describe synovial joints

A

aka diarthordial joint
4 classifications
typically allow free motion and have no direct union
always surrounded by a joint capsule, lined by synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid
articular surface covered with hyaline/articular cartilage

67
Q

name and describe the classifications of synovial joints

A

nonaxial - no plane or axis
- irregular shape - gliding motion
uniaxial - 1 plane and 1 axis
- hinge and pivot - flexion/extension
biaxial - 2 planes and 2 axes
- can of pringles - flexion/extension, adduction/abduction
triaxial - 3 planes and 3 axes
- ball and socket - flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, rotation

68
Q

what are the structures of a joint?

A

*bones
ligaments
capsule
cartilage
tendons
bursae

69
Q

describe bones in association with joints

A

articulate
the amount and direction of motion allowed at the joint is influenced by shape of bone ends and articular surface

70
Q

describe ligaments

A

band of fibrous connective tissue that hold together and support bones of joints
nonelastic but has some flexibility

71
Q

describe capsules

A

surrounds and covers the joint and protects articular surfaces of bone
can be complete or incomplete - may only cover a portion of a joint
includes 2 layers:
*inner layer - lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid

72
Q

describe cartilage

A

thick, fibrous connective tissue
3 types:
hyaline/articular - covers ends of bones/smooth surface for articulating synovial joints no blood supply = nutrients from synovial fluid
fibrocartilage - shock absorber
elastic cartilage - helps maintain shape

73
Q

describe tendons

A

provide attachments of muscle to bone
some are flat, some are cord-like, and some have a sheath surrounding

74
Q

describe bursae

A

small fluid filled sacs found amongst most joints - reduce friction between moving parts

75
Q

define planes

A

fixed lines of reference along which the body is divided

76
Q

define axes

A

points that run through the center of a joint around which a part rotates
JOINT MOVEMENT OCCURS AROUND AN AXIS THAT IS ALWAYS PERPENDICULAR TO ITS PLANE

77
Q

name and describe the 3 planes and their axes

A

sagittal plane (left/right) - frontal axis - flexion/extension
frontal plane (front/back) - sagittal axis - abduction/adduction
transverse plane (top/bottom) - vertical axis - horizontal abduction/adduction, any rotation

78
Q

define cardinal planes

A

when a plane passes through a midline/divides into equal parts

79
Q

define center of gravity (COG)

A

point where the cardinal planes intersect

80
Q

define degrees of freedom

A

the number of planes in which a joint can rotate

81
Q

define dislocation

A

the complete separation of the 2 articular surfaces of a joint

82
Q

define subluxation

A

partial dislocation of a joint that usually occurs over a period of time

83
Q

define osteoarthritis

A

a type of arthritis that is caused by the break down and eventual loss of the cartilage of one more joints

84
Q

define sprains

A

partial or complete tearing of ligament fibers

85
Q

define strains

A

the overstretching of muscle fibers

86
Q

define tendonitis

A

inflammation of a tendon

87
Q

define tenosynovitis

A

inflammation of the tendon sheath - often caused by repetitive use

88
Q

define synovitis

A

inflammation of the synovial membrane

89
Q

define bursitis

A

inflammation of the bursa

90
Q

define capsulitis

A

inflammation of the joint capsule

91
Q

define end feel

A

an assessment of the quality of feel when slight pressure is applied at the end of PROM for a joint
*amount if PROM available and the end feel will help to determine what structures may be involved

92
Q

name and describe normal end feels

A

bony - hard and solid stop to PROM
firm - firm resistance when joint range is limited by capsule (ex - toes can’t touch shin)
soft/soft tissue approximation - motion is stopped by muscle bulk

93
Q

name and describe abnormal end feels

A

empty - motion stopped by patient pain before limitation is felt
spasm - motion stopped by reflex muscle contraction, acute injury, or lesion
springy block - rebound of motion is felt and seen
boggy - motion is limited by fluid (edema)
extended - no resistance felt with normal ROM - too much motion is present - instability or hypermobility

94
Q

describe the concave-convex rule

A

concAve (HOLE) joint surface moves in the sAme direction of the joint motion

convex (BALL) joint surface moves in the opposite direction of the joint motion

95
Q

describe open and close pack positions

A

open pack - resting position/ loose
close pack - tight surfaces/ little room

96
Q

what is a muscle?

A

a bundle of attachment tissue

97
Q

define agonist/prime mover

A

the muscle or groups of muscle that are contracting

98
Q

define assisting mover

A

not as effective in motion as the agonist, but helps in muscle movement

99
Q

define antagonist

A

the muscle or group of muscles on the opposite side of the contracting muscle that performs opposite muscle action

100
Q

define insertion

A

tends to be the more “moveable bone”

101
Q

define origin

A

tends to be the more stable bone and is typically located closer to the trunk

102
Q

describe the relationship between the origin and insertion

A

when a muscle contracts it shortens and the insertion typically moves towards the origin

103
Q

define reversal of muscle action

A

when the origin moves toward the insertion

104
Q

define stabilizer

A

muscle or group of muscles that supports and allows the agonist to work more efficiently

105
Q

define synergist

A

muscle that works with one or more muscles to enhance a particular motion

106
Q

define contraction

A

when the agonist and antagonist contract at the same time

107
Q

describe the components of naming a muscle

A

location
shape
action
number of divisions
attachments
direction of fibers
size of muscle

108
Q

what are the types of fiber arrangements

A

strap
fusiform
rhomboidal
triangular
unipennate
bipennate
multipennate
(refer to powerpoint for pictures)

109
Q

greater vertical pull

A

allows for elevation and depression

110
Q

greater horizontal pull

A

allows for protracting and retracting

111
Q

equal vertical and horizontal pull

A

allows motion in both planes

112
Q

define tension

A

the force built up within a muscle

113
Q

what kind of tension is built up from stretching a muscle?

A

passive involves noncontractile units

114
Q

contractile units are associated with what kind of tension?

A

active

115
Q

define total tension

A

a combination of active and passive motion

116
Q

define tone

A

the readiness or presence of slight tension in a muscle at all times (even at rest) which allows the muscle to act quickly if it needs to

117
Q

how long is muscle at its resting state, when shortened, and when lengthened?

A

at rest: 6 in
can be shortened by 1/2
*can be lengthened by 1.5X)
shortened: 3 in
lengthened: 9 in

118
Q

name and describe the functional characteristics of muscle

A

normal resting length - length when muscle is not simulated
irritability - ability of a muscle to contract to a stimulus
contractibility - ability of a muscle to contract when it is stimulated enough
extensibility - ability of a muscle to stretch/lengthen when force is applied
elasticity - ability of a muscle to recoil after the force and come back to normal length

119
Q

define excursion

A

distance from maximal elongation to maximal shortening

120
Q

describe excursion for 1 and 2 joint muscles

A

1 joint muscles - usually has enough excursion to allow the joint to move through its full range of motion

2 joint muscles - usually doesn’t have enough excursion to allow the joints to move through the combined range of motion of all joints that it crosses

121
Q

what is active insufficiency?

A

when a muscle reaches a point where it can’t stretch any further - it runs out of contractibility before it runs out of ROM (prevents full ROM)

example: when flexing your knee, your foot can’t reach your butt without you pulling it up.

122
Q

what is passive insufficiency?

A

when a muscle can’t be elongated any further without causing damage to its fibers/length of a muscle isn’t long enough to fully stretch over 2 joints

example: when standing and reaching down to touch your toes, trying to stretch over the hip and knee joint causes the hamstrings to feel tight

123
Q

describe stretching

A

used to maintain or regain the normal resting length of a muscle and is should be the opposite of muscle contraction

124
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle contraction?

A

isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic

125
Q

describe isometric muscle contraction

A

the muscle contracts, but the length of the muscle doesn’t change
little to no joint movement
*commonly used in early phases of rehabilitation and strengthening

126
Q

describe isotonic muscle contraction

A

2 types: concentric and eccentric
concentric - make the muscle do what the muscle does muscle attachments move closer together, movement is usually occurring against gravity, an acceleration activity

eccentric: muscle attachments move farther apart, movements usually occur with gravity, a deceleration activity

127
Q

describe isokinetic muscle contraction

A

resistance varies, but speed and velocity stay the same
muscle is strongest in midrange

128
Q

describe an open kinetic chain

A

distal segment free/proximal segment can be stationary

example: quad extension

129
Q

describe a closed kinetic chain

A

proximal segment free/distal end fixed

example: repeatedly standing and sitting in a chair

130
Q

what are the divisions of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
autonomic nervous system (ANS)

131
Q

describe the ANS

A

control of visceral structures - sympathetic & parasympathetic

132
Q

describe the CNS

A

brain:
cerebrum: right and left cerebral hemispheres (with further divisions)
brainstem: midbrain, pons & medulla
cerebellum - little brain
spinal cord:
runs through vertebral foramen
17 inches long
runs from the foramen magnum to the conus medullaris (L2)
below L2 are a connection of nerve roots - cauda equina (L2 - S5)

133
Q

describe sensory and motor impulses

A

sensory (afferent) impulses: periphery > spine > brain/comes into dorsal horn

motor (efferent) impulses: brain > spinal cord > periphery/comes out of anterior horn

134
Q

describe the PNS

A

made up of nerve tissue outside of vertebral canal
12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves:
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

135
Q

define dermatome

A

the area of SKIN supplied with SENSORY fibers of a spinal nerve

136
Q

define myotome

A

muscle or group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve (motor)

137
Q

what are the 3 major plexus formations?

A

cervical plexus
brachial plexus
lumbosacral plexus

138
Q

describe the cervical plexus

A

C1-C4
innervates muscles of the neck

139
Q

describe the brachial plexus

A

C5-T1
innervates muscles of the upper limbs

Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches
roots: 5 roots make 3 trunks (C5-nn5/ C6-nn6/ C7-nn 7 and 8/ T1-nn 1)

trunks: each split into 2 divisons (superior-c5 & c6/ middle-c7/ inferior-c8 & t1)

divisions: anterior and superior/3 cords come from here

cords: lateral, posterior & middle/ 5 peripheral nn are branches of the cords

branches: LATERAL CORD- musculocutaneous c5, 6, 7/ POSTERIOR CORD- axillary c5, 6/ POSTERIOR CORD- radial c5-t1/ LATERAL AND MEDIAL CORDS- medial c6-t1/ MEDIAL CORD- ulnar c8, t1

140
Q

describe the lumbosacral plexus

A

L1-S3
innervates muscles of the lower limb
8 roots (all divide into inferior & superior except L3)
the divisions join to form main peripheral nn
(1) gluteal region - superior gluteal L4-S1/inferior L5-S2
(2) lower limb - obturator L2-L4/ femoral L2-L4
(3) sciatic - common peripheral/fibular L4-S2 *divides into superficial and deep peroneal nn)/ tibial L4-S3 divides into medial and lateral plantar nn

Kinesiology (4 decks)

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