Unit 4: Functional Groups/IUPAC Naming Flashcards
Functional groups are ____________ within a molecule that have characteristic sets of _________
an atom or groups of atoms
properties
Alcohol (-OH) is an oxygen atom bound to _________ on one side and _________ on the other side
hydrogen, carbon atom
“R” =
rest of molecule
R — OH
Alcohol (-OH)
Oxygen atom bound to hydrogen on one side and carbon atom on the other side
Alcohol (-OH)
OH
hydroxyl group
hydroxyl group
OH
Alcohols are classified as primary (1º), secondary (2º) or tertiary (3º), depending on…
the number of atoms that are bound to the carbon that bears the hydroxyl (-OH) group
Amine is a _________ atom (amino group) bound to ___________
nitrogen, 1+ carbon atoms
Amines are classified as primary (1º), secondary (2º) or tertiary (3º), depending on…
the number of atoms that are bound to the nitrogen atom
Aldehyde is a carbon atom with a double bond to ________ (carbonyl), a single bond to _________, and a single bond to __________
oxygen
hydrogen
another carbon
(-CHO)
Carbon atom with a double bond to oxygen (carbonyl), a single bond to hydrogen, and a single bond to another carbon
Aldehyde (-CHO)
C == O
carbonyl group
carbonyl group
C == O
Ketone is a carbon atom with a double bond to _______ (carbonyl) and two single bonds to two other _________
oxygen, carbons
Ketones are similar to aldehydes, but with ________ on both sides of the carbonyl group
carbons
Carbon atom with a double bond to oxygen (carbonyl) and two single bonds to two other carbons
Ketone
Carboxylic acid is a carbon atom with a __________, a single bond to a ___________, and a single bond to ____________
carbon double bond to oxygen (carbonyl), hydroxyl group (-OH), another carbon
O == C – OH
carboxyl group
carboxyl group
O == C – OH
Carbon atom with a double bond to oxygen (carbonyl), a single bond to a hydroxyl group (-OH), and a single bond to another carbon
Carboxylic acid
Ester is a derivative of a carboxylic acid, but…
with a carbon-containing group bound to the other side of
oxygen instead of a hydrogenà (-OR) instead of (-OH)
Ester is a derivative of a carboxylic acid, but with a _______ bound to the other side of oxygen instead of a __________
carbon-containing group, hydrogen
derivative of a carboxylic acid, but with a carbon-containing group bound to the other side of oxygen instead of a hydrogenà (-OR) instead of (-OH)
Ester
ROR
Ether
Ether is __________ bound between two _________ atoms, where neither ________ is part of a __________
oxygen
carbon
carbon
carbonyl (C == O)
Oxygen bound between two carbon atoms, where neither carbon is part of a carbonyl
Ether
Amide is a derivative of a carboxylic acid, but with an ________ instead of a _________
amine, hydroxyl (-OH)
Hydrocarbons are molecules (aka compounds) made of only _________ and __________
carbon, hydrogen
Saturated hydrocarbons have only…
single bonds (no double and/or triple)
Unsaturated hydrocarbons have…
double and/or triple bonds
Alkanes have only…
carbon-carbon single bonds
Alkenes have one or more…
carbon-carbon double bonds
Alkynes have one or more…
carbon-carbon triple bonds
Alkanes are __________ composed of only __________
hydrocarbons, single bonds
Alkanes are named and identified by the ___________ they contain
number of carbons
meth =
1 carbon
eth =
2 carbons
pro =
3 carbons
but =
4 carbons
pent =
5 carbons
hex =
6 carbons
hept =
7 carbons
oct =
8 carbons
non =
9 carbons
dec =
10 carbons
M E P B —>
must eat peanut butter
Linear (unbranched) alkanes have prefix indicating the _________ on the chain and suffix _________
the number of carbon atoms, “-ane”
CH3 group =
methyl
When naming alkanes: if there is only one substituent, number the parent chain that gives the substituent the _________
lowest number
the number of times a ___________ is indicated by di, tri, tetra, etc
substituent occurs
When naming alkanes: if there are two or more IDENTICAL substituents, number the parent chain from the end that…
gives the lowest number to the substituent that is encountered first
When naming alkanes: If there are two or more DIFFERENT substituents, list the substituents in _______ and number the parent chain from the end that…
alphabetical order
encounters the substituent closer to the beginning of the alphabet FIRST
When naming alkanes: If there are 2 different substituents in equivalent positions on opposite positions give the substituent # in _________
alphabetical order
When naming alkanes: If there are 2 or more parent chains of EQUAL LENGTH, choose the parent chain with…
the greater number of substituents
-an-
all single bonds
-en-
one or more double bonds
-yn-
one or more triple bonds
-e
hydrocarbon
-ol
alcohol
-al
aldehyde
-amine
amine
-one
ketone
-oic acid
carboxylic acid
