Unit 4 Exam Flashcards
Abdominal Cavity
Abdominal cavity- is divided into an upper and lower part,
upper contains the stomach, small intestine, most of the large intestine, appendix, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen
lower (pelvic cavity)- contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and the last part of the large intestine (149)
Abduction
moving away from the center of the body
Adduction
moving towards the center of the body
Adipose tissue
Fatty tissue
Afferent nerves
pick up senses and changes, the skin is the most responsible
Amphiarthrosis
refers to joints that are slightly movable
Amount of blood in a human
4-6 gallons
Anatomic position
Arms out, palms up
Anatomy
Study of structure (Greek word for cut up)
Anterior or ventral
Front
Aorta artery
carries blood away from the heart, the aorta is the biggest and strongest artery
Aortic valve
is located between the left ventricle and the aorta, it closes when the left ventricle is finished contracting, allowing blood to flow into the aorta and preventing blood from flowing back into the left ventricle
Apnea
sleep apnea is a condition in which an individual stops breathing whole asleep, causing a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels
Arteries
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Arterioles
The smallest branch of arteries
Axon
nerve cells, carry messages to and from cell, once destroyed they are hard to repair
Basophils
part of immune system that helps protect body from infection
Biceps brachii
just the biceps of the arm, lie on the upper arm
Biology
The study of life and living organisms
Bradycardia
a pulse rate under 60 beats per minute
Buccal cavity
or mouth, for the teeth and tongue
Capillaries
smallest of the blood vessels one cell thick, where diffusion and absorption take place
Cardiac muscle
involuntary, myocardiac, found in the heart, forms the walls of the heart and contracts to circulate blood
Cardiac sphincter
muscle fibers about the opening of the esophagus into the stomach.
Cataract
where the normally transparent lens of the eye becomes cloudy or opaque
Cellular respiration
when cells use oxygen and nutrients to produce energy, water, and carbon dioxide
Centrosome
located near the center of the cell, their major role is during mitosis, they form spindles during cell division
Cerebellum
semicircular canals- contain liquid and hair-like projections, these cells bend and move when sound hits them, helps us maintain balance
Cerebrum
largest of the brain parts, responsible for reasoning, thought, memory, speech, judgement, sensation, sight, smell, hearing, and voluntary body movements
Cervix of uterous
the narrow bottom section which attaches to the vagina
Chromatin
made out of DNA and protein, they form chromosomes, a human cell has 46 chromosomes and 23 pairs, somewhere between 30000 and 45000 genes in a single cell
Cilia
made out of DNA and protein, they form chromosomes, a human cell has 46 chromosomes and 23 pairs, somewhere between 30000 and 45000 genes in a single cell
Ciliary body
structure in the eye that releases a transparent liquid (called the aqueous humor) within the eye.
Circulatory system
consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, transports oxygen and nutrients to all body cells, transports carbon dioxide and other metabolic materials away from the body cells, gets rid of waste products
Circumduction
imaginary circle, uses abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension
Cirrhosis
chronic destruction of liver cells accompanied by the formation of fibrous connective and scar tissue
Clothing proteins
thrombocytes, little pieces of cells, not a complete cell
Cochlea
looks like a snail shell, where hearing transplants and implants are made, carries impulses to the temporal lobe in cerebellum
Color of blood
erythrocytes- red blood cells, the color is based on the amount of oxygen in the blood
Conjuctiva
pink eye, is a contagious inflammation of the conjunctiva and is usually caused by bacterium or virus
Connective tissue
supporting fabric of organs and other body parts, 2 different kinds soft and hard
Contracture
a severe tightening of a flexor muscle resulting in bending of a joint
Cornea
circular, transparent part of the front of the sclera, allows light rats to enter the eye
Coronal plane
There is a front and a back
Coronary artery
Supplies blood to the heart
Cranial cavity
made out of total bone, no muscle, protects the brain
Deltoid
the shoulder, abducts arm, injection site
Dendrite
carry impulses toward the cell body
Diaphysis
shaft or middle part of the long bone
Diastolic pressure
is the constant pressure in the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle of the heart is at rest or between contractions
Diencephalon
where the thalamus and the hypothalamus, sends messages to the cerebrum, mainly there for temperature and pain control
Digestive system
digests food physically and chemically, transports food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste
Distal
away from origin, have to have something to relate it to, like the stomach is distal from the brain
Dorsal
Back side
Dorsal cavity
long, continuous cavity on the back of the body
Dura mater
tough mother”, toughest covering for the brain
Dyspnea
when elderly have difficult breathing
Efferent nerves
“motor nerves”, comes from the brain and tells you to take action
Elasticity
a quality in the muscles to be able to rebound back
Embolus
foreign substance circulating in the bloodstream,it can be air, blood clot, bacterial clumps, a fat globule, or other similar substances
Endocrine system
allows the body to respond and adapt to changes that occur both inside and outside the body
Endoplasmic reticulum
network that runs from the nucleus to the plasma membrane, aids in synthesis of proteins, 2 types: rough( has ribosmomes which synthesize proteins) smooth- (no ribosomes, help produce cholesterol or the fat or steroid like cells)
Endosteum
lines the medullary cavity, like ceran wrap, shiny
Epididymis
tightly coiled tube approximately 20 feet in length and located in the scrotum and above the testes
Epilepsy
or seizure syndrome, is a brain disorder associated with abnormal electrical impulses in the neurons of the brain
Epiphysis
Ends of Long bones
Epithelial tissue
responsible for covering the brain and the spinal cord
Erythrocytes
red blood cells, squishy ,not a complete cell, has hemoglobin(does the work of the red blood cells, carries oxygen, 4 molecules per each cell, it is also responsible for the color of the blood, move very slow and sluggish
Excitability/irritability
responds to stimulus, allows muscles to respond to changes in the environment
Extensibility
Stretch beyond normal length
Extension
Opening up the joint, extending the angle
External respirations
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and bloodstream
Fascia
tough, sheetlike membrane that covers and protects the tissue (how some muscles attach to other things
Femoral artery
Largest artery in the leg
Flexion
Decreasing the angle of the joint
Floating ribs
ribs 11 and 12, don’t connect to the sternum at all
Frontanels
soft spots in little kids, allows the brain to grow, gives flexibility during birthing, aren’t fused together till about age 25
Frontal plane
or coronal plane- means we get a front and a back to it
Function of bile
usually associated with liver problems, breaks down things in the tummy, digestive juice
Function of thrombocytes
blood clotting, little pieces of cells, not a complete cell
Funds of the uterus
the top section, where the fallopian tubes attach
Gastrocnemius
The largest, most prominent muscle of the calf of the leg, the action of which extends the foot and bends the knee
Gluteus maximus
biggest of the 3 butt muscles, in the butt, extends and rotates thigh, injection sight
Golgi apparatus
a stack of membrane layers located in the cytoplasm, they gift wrap all the secretions made by the cells
Hard plate
Roof of the mount
Hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of the body and is caused by a tumor, injury, or CVA
Hemaglobin
a complex protein composed of the protein molecule called ‘globin’ and the iron compound called ‘heme’
Inferior
saying something is inferior to something else, your feet are inferior to your brain, under something
Insertion
sight of the muscle that doesn’t move, it contracts to the organ, like the anchor on a boat
Integumentary system
name for the skin and its structures, skin, hair, sweat glands and oil glands, protects the body from injury, infection, and dehydration, helps regulate body temp, eliminates waste, and produces vitamin D
Internal respirations
the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the tissue cells and the bloodstream
Involuntary muscle
they function without conscious thought or control
Iris
colored portion of your eye, controls pupil
Joints
where 2 or more bones join, weakest part of the skeleton
Latissimus Dorsi
spine around to chest, extends and adducts upper arm
Left atrium
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Left ventricle
receives blood from the left atrium and pumps blood into the aorta for transport to the body cells
Lens
crystalline structure suspended behind the pupil of the eye; refract or bends light rays onto the retina
Leukocytes
White blood cells
Ligament
fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
Linings of the uterus
endometrium
Lymphatic system
carries some tissue fluid and wastes to blood, assists with fighting infection
Lymphocytes
a form of small leukocytes with single round nucleus
Lysosomes
those structures in the cytoplasm of a cell that contain digestive enzymes to digest and destroy old cells, bacteria, and foreign midline
Medulla oblogata
the lower part of the brain stem; controls vital processes such as respiration and heart beat
Medulla cavity
central cavity of bone shaft she red and or yellow marrow is stored/long leg bone
Meninges
membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
Midbrain
the portion of the brain that connect the pons and cerebellum, relay center for impulses
Midsagittal plate
an imaginary line drawn down the midline of the body to divide the body into a right side and a left side
Mitochondria
those structures in a cell that provide energy and are involved in the metabolism of the cell
Mitral valve
flap or cusp between the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart
Muscle tone
state of partial muscle contraction providing a state of readiness to act
Myelin
a mix of proteins and phospholipids forming a shield around nerve fibers
Neurilemma
Thin shield around a nerve axon
Neuron
Nerve cell
Neutrophilis
readily stained only by neutral dyes
Nucleolus
the spherical body in the nucleus of a cell that is important in reproduction of the cell
Olfactory receptors
Pertaining the sense of smell
Orbital cavity
For the eyes
Order of the large intestine
cecum (vermiform appendix), colon (ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon) rectum (anal canal
Organ of corti
structure in the cochlea of the ear; organ of hearing
Organelle
structures in the cytoplasm of a cell, including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus
Origin
end of area of a muscle that remains stationary when the muscle contracts
Ovaries
endocrine gland or gonad that produces hormones and the female sex cell or ovum
Pancreas
gland that is dorsal to the stomach, secretes during an examination
Paraplegia
paralysis of the lower half of the body
Parasympathetic
A division of the nervous system
Pathophysiology
study of how disease occurs and he responses of living organisms to disease processes
Pectoralis major
thick fan-shaped muscle, at the chest (anterior), flexes and extends humerus
Pelvic cavity
lower abdominal cavity, contains bladder, reproductive organs, last part of large intestine
Perineum
region between the vagina and anus in the female and between the scrotum and anus in the male
Peripheral pulse sites
Carotid (neck), temporal (temples), brachial, axualliary, ulnar (pinky side of wrist) , radial (thumb side of wrist), femoral (groin), popliteal (back of knee), dorsalys pedis (top of foot), posterior tibial pulse (ankle)
Pharyngeal tonsils
Lymphatic tissue in the throat behind the ulva
Phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
Physiology
the study of the processes or functions of living organisms
Pia mater
weak mother, covering right over the brain
Pinocytic vesicle
process by which substances are taken into the cell
Platelets
blood cell required for clotting of the blood
Pleura
a serious membrane that covers the lungs and lines of the thoracic cavity
Pons
that portion of the brain stem that connects the medulla oblongata and cerebellum to the upper portions of the brain
Posterior
Towards the back or behind
Proximal
closest to the point of attachment or areas or reference
Pulmonary valve
flap or cusp between the right ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary artery
Pupil
opening or hole in the center of the iris of the eye; allows light to enter eye
Pyloric sphincter
a ring of smooth muscle fibers around the opening of the stomach into the duodenum
Pyrexia
Fever
Quadriceps femoris
Muscle in the thigh that extends the leg
Quadriplegia
Paralysis below the neck, arms and legs
Rectus abdominus
Long flat muscle of the abdominal wall
Red marrow
soft tissue in the epiphysis of long bones
Respiratory system
breathes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
Retina
the sensory membrane that lines the eye and is the immediate instrument of vision
Right atrium
receives blood as it returns from the body cells
Right ventricle
receives blood from the right atrium and pumps blood into the pulmonary artery
Risk factors of hypertension
family history, race, obesity, stress, smoking, aging, a diet high in saturated fat
Rotation
movement around the centra axis, a turing on its own axis
Rugae
a series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ
Salivary amylase
begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates, or starches, into sugars that can be taken in to the body
Salivary gland
the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular, produce a liquid called
Sartorius
long, narrow muscle running obliquely across the front of each thigh (from hip bone to the inside of the leg bone)
Sclera
white or outer coat of the eye
Scrotum
double pouch containing the testes and epididymis in the male individual
Semicircular canal
structures of the inner ear that are involved in maintaining Blake and equilibrium
Seminal vesicle
one of two saclike structures behind the bladder and connectd to the vas deferens in the male individual; secretes thick, viscous fluid for semen
Sinuses
Cavity or space in a bone
Skeletal muscle
creates framework of body, protects internal organs, reduces blood cells, acts as levers for muscles
Spinal cavity
Contains the spinal cord
Sternocleidomastoid
either of the two muscles of the neck that serve to flex and rotate the head
Structure of Fallopian tubes
approximately five inches long, lateral ends have finger like projections, has muscle layers, cilia lines it
Superior
Above, on top of, higher than
Sympathetic system
allows the boys to respond to emergencies and stress; also, t understand and attempt to solve the problems of another
Synarthorsis
an immovable joint between bones connected by fibrous tissues
Systolic
period of work, or conception, of the hear
Tachycardia
Fast or rapid heartbeat
Tendon
fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones
Testis
an organ That produces spermatozoa
Thoracic cavity
in the chest; contains esophagus, trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart, and large blood vessels
Thoracic vertebrae
12 in the chest area
Thrombocytes
If a thrombus or clot forms
Tibialis anterior
muscle from tibia to the first metatarsal and cuneiform bones
Transverse plane
imaginary line drawn through the body to separate the body into a top and bottom half
Trapezius
either of a pair of large triangular muscles extending over the back of the neck and shoulders and moving the head and shoulder blade
Triceps brachii
the skeletal muscle having three origins that extend the forearm wheat contracts
Tricuspid valve
flap or cusp between the right atrium and right ventricle in he heart
True ribs
Seven pairs, attach to the sternum
Urinary system
filters blood to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, produces and eliminates urine
Varicose veins
Swollen veins
Vs deferens
also called ductus deferens, the tube that carries sperm and semen from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct in the male body
Vein
blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart
Ventral
pertaining to the front, or anterior part of the body, in front of
Ventral cavity
larger than dorsal cavity, separated in two parts by the diaphragm: thoracic and abdominal
Ventricle
one of two lower chambers of the heart, also a cavity in the brain
Venules
the smallest type of vein, connects capillaries and veins
Vestibules-
small space or cavity at the beginning of a canal
Villi
tiny projections from a surface; in the small intestine, projections that aid in the absorption of nutrients
Voluntary muscle
Under ones control
Ways to take temperature
rectal, oral, axillary (armpit), temporal (forearm), tympanic (ear)
Yellow marrow
soft tissue in the diaphysis of leg bones
