Unit 4 Diversity and Evolution Flashcards

Question

Which of the following kingdoms, explains how the species within it are eukaryotic and multicellular. This kingdom includes insects and rodents. A) Archaebacteria B) Plantae C) protista D) Animalia

Answer 1

D - Some of the other kingdoms are eukaryotic and multicellular, but the difference is what species are part of each kingdom. The Animalia kingdom includes a ton of animals, no matter what category they fall under. It could be an insect, rodent, etc.

Answer 2

The three different levels of biodiversity are genetic diversity, species diversity, and structural diversity. These three levels of diversity all together form biodiversity. The difference between these three levels are the concepts that they are about. Genetic diversity is looking at the variability of the genetics of each species. They may be the same species but differ due to their genetics. Species diversity is the measure of the species present within an ecosystem, and how many species there are of some species. Structural diversity focuses on the different shapes and sizes of the species within a habitat or ecosystem, whether it may be how big or tall a species is. With all these different types of diversity working together, they are able to form biodiversity.

Answer 3

Charles Darwin's idea of the theory of evolution was that all species are an offspring of ancient species that once existed, that were different from modern species. His goal was to explain the diversity of life on earth by using relations and adaptations. As he made his discoveries on how species adapted, like globally, locally, and vary over time, he came to the conclusion that natural selection was the cause of this. He knew that natural selection would vary for every species, whether they would struggle for survival, the variety of species, and how they reproduce. With these kept in mind, he was able to prove his discovery using crickets and Giraffes. Crickets don't have a great survival rate, they have a little variety within their species, and they can reproduce very quickly. With Giraffes, the long neck giraffes had a better survival rate as they could reach the food better, which would give them more food, and allow for better reproduction. These giraffes with the long necks were able to pass it down as the alleles they pass down to their offspring would result in a long neck. Charles Darwin was able to discover evolution using natural selection in a very good way.

Answer 4

b. Fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually. The asexual method is budding, when a new organism develops from the segment of another fungi. The sexual method is through spores, when a seed contained in a sporangium lands and grows into a new hyphae.

Answer 5

a. Seaweed does not have complex root systems, specialized tissues or leaves. It can photosynthesize in all of its tissue, and is a multicellular algae. Seaweed reproduces using spores rather than flowers, unlike many other plants.

Answer 6

The correct answer is "contains a nucleus" since all bacteria are prokaryotic, meaning that there is no nucleus present. All bacteria are unicellular and contain a plasma membrane as well.

Answer 7

- Natural selection is the process when organisms that are more fit for the environment can reproduce and survive more effectively compared to other species. - Based on the environment and climate, the species evolve to gain new characteristics to survive in that environment - The weaker traits, not suited for survival, die off - Species can vary in appearance based on geographical location - For example : Darwin's finches. Each look different since their beaks are designed specifically to survive in their unique environments - Species that thrive in the environment can reproduce better, and as a result, their species continues

Answer 8

- A vaccine is a small injection of a virus into the body to help defend it against larger quantities of that virus, or similar ones. - This dose is not enough to cause illness, but enough for the body to learn how the virus works - By injecting a small amount, your body's immune systems learns how to fight it off by building antibodies - The next time the body is exposed to the virus, the antibodies will already be able to fight off the virus

Answer 9

Biodiversity is important for maintaining stable ecosystems because a diverse range of species increases an ecosystems adaptability to threats and changes in the environment, like climate change and natural disasters. It also gives the ecosystem more resources available that can fulfil all organisms in the ecosystem such as food, water, and shelter, which helps all organisms survive off of one another. It also helps with the food web. The more biodiversity there is, the more complex the food web can be, and a more complex food web can handle the loss of a certain species easier. All organisms are dependent on one another for survival which is why biodiversity is important. During evolution, species have to learn to adapt to these changes, which can add more species to this environment, increasing the variety of organisms and the amount of life formed. When humans interfere with biodiversity, that habitat can lose their food supply or have much less of it, which can lose species, and it can cause disruptions in biodiversity due to the destruction of the habitat.

Answer 10

Viruses and bacterias can help to maintain population, causing it to not overpopulate or reproduce at a rapid rate or they can cause the population to drop at a rapid rate, so it can be seen in positive and negative ways. If an ecosystem is super full and overpopulated, viruses and bacterias can lower the amount of repdorucing happening and cause species to die or lose a lot of their population, which is good if it is super populated or if there are invasive species. But, if a population is very limited or wants to reproduce more, it can cause that ecosystem to die and that ecosystem cannot sustain life if there is not enough biodiversity present.

Answer 11

B This organism is a part of Kingdom Protista. Kingdom Protista includes all eukaryotic organisms that are not a part of another kingdom. They are most oftenly unicellular organisms and can be autotrophic. Also, protists thrive in water rich environments, therefore these organisms fall under the Protista Kingdom.

Answer 12

A - Plants are always multicellular and eukaryotic as they are much too complex to be created from one prokaryotic cell. They are also autotrophic as they produce their own energy and food through their photosynthetic processes. Finally, they're sessile as they cannot move and are rooted in one area.

Answer 13

- Viruses are non-living organisms - They lack their own cells or organelles - They must invade other cells to fulfill their sole purpose, which is to reproduce - Viruses also cannot grow in size or become more complex - They are dependent upon hosts and are dormant when outside of a living cells

Answer 14

- Natural selection is the process by which species are able to change and evolve - As more offspring are produced than are able to survive, natural selection involves the "survival of the fit enough". - This causes the organisms not suited enough to survive in the environment to die off, along with the traits not suited for survival. - Once less suited traits disappear within the population, the gene pool becomes more limited and filled with traits that will allow organisms to be better equipped for their survival in the particular environment. - Therefore, natural selection strengthens the population of a species in a particular environment as it only allows for the "fit enough" to survive and forces adaptation to occur.

Answer 15

Multi Cellular……………. go to II SIngle cellular……………go to III Is a Mammal…………….go to IV Is a fish…………………(Salmon) Bacteria Domain……....(E. Coli) Eukarya Domain………go to V Bipedal..……………..(Kangaroo) Quadrapedal…………..…(Hippo) Protista Kingdom……..(Diatoms) Fungi Kingdom….……….(Yeast)

Answer 16

- Populations controlled by limited resources - Animals with better characteristics (like claws) can survive against environment and predators - Those fit enough to survive because of their desirable characteristics reproduce - The characteristics of those who were fit enough to survive pass down onto their offspring - The less successful characteristics are lost over time due to the lack of survival and reproduction of those who aren't fit enough to survive

Answer 17

Unicellular Prokaryotic Microscopic Lacking a nucleus Having a plasma membrane

Answer 18

Animals are multicellular organisms Animals are eukaryotes Animals are heterotrophic Animals are generally motile Animals possess specialized sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, skin, tongue) Animals reproduce sexually Animals develop from an embryo that passes through a blastula stage Animals have a distinctive cell division when a cleavage furrow forms to separate daughter cells Animals respire aerobically and have many biological systems

Answer 19

-Plantae are heterotrophs, fungi are autotrophs -Both can sexually and asexually reproduce.

Answer 20

By injecting a small amount of damaged virus into our bodies, our immune system learns how to fight it off by building antibodies against it. In the future, exposure to that same virus won't wreak havoc on our bodies because antibodies will already be available to fight it off

Answer 21

B (Correct - overtime the rabbits with this mutation became more prevalent as they lived longer and healthier lives which allowed them to produce more offspring with the same mutation)

Answer 22

B (Correct - In the wild the animals who are disadvantaged are not capable of surviving and therefore do not reproduce as much and their genes do not get passed on however medicine has the ability to heal people and provides them with the ability to live long and healthy lives and pass on their genes to another generation)

Answer 23

C - (Correct - the flu is a rapidly changing virus and without getting a vaccine each year your body would not know how to fight the newest flu strand because of how different it looks)

Answer 24

- Mules would not be considered a species as horses and donkeys do not breed amongst themselves under natural conditions and because Mules can't produce offspring they would not be considered a species but rather a hybrid

Answer 25

- Because bacteria are capable of producing very rapidly and have huge populations they can adapt incredibly fast and also allows for more chances of developing beneficial mutations - it takes chordata much longer to reproduce therefore they will evolve slower and receive fewer beneficial mutations

Answer 26

- Threatens our food supply when entire species and plant varieties are lost - Eliminates sources of natural medicines and potential new medicines - Significant economic impact on tourism and forestry when accompanied by habitat destruction - Has the potential to cause serious disruptions in biogeochemical cycles (cabon uptake by natural ecosystems)

Answer 27

Bacteria have prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus or membrane bound organelles, they are found in all environments including within other organisms. An example of a bacteria is E. Coli Archaea are similar to bacteria in that they are prokaryotic. However they have unique cell membranes. They often live in extreme environments such as geothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean or in freezing temperatures. An example of an archaea is a thermophile. Eukaria have eukaryotic cells that do have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Some have cell walls and these organisms are found almost everywhere on earth including in the ocean. An example of a eukarya is a human or a tree.

Answer 28

Phylogenetic trees help to illustrate an evolutionary relationship by displaying common ancestry and the specific branches that span off of that common ancestor to get to the current form of organism. Scientists use the trees to classify organisms based on shared traits and genetic data. Organisms that are more recently associated are placed closer together while animals that are not are further away. By understanding a tree,we can fully grasp the steps each thing took to get to where it is, and we can give a more accurate classification based on evolutionary evidence rather than just physical traits.

Answer 29

Evolution talks about what species survived and evolved (natural selection) and which ones died, based on how they were able to survive in an environment. Diversity focuses on the multiple characteristics that were bright through evolution, how certain species share similar characteristics, but one could be more evolved by having a different trait (4 legs, hair etc.)

Answer 30

- Carl Linnaeus is known as the "Father of Taxonomy." - He developed the binomial nomenclature system, a formal method for naming species. - Each species is given a two-part name: Genus (capitalized) and species (lowercase). - Example: Homo sapiens for humans. - His system standardized classification and allowed scientists to universally identify and study organisms. - Linnaeus also grouped organisms into hierarchical categories (e.g., Kingdom, Phylum, Class) based on physical and evolutionary traits.

Answer 31

- Lytic cycle: Attachment: Virus attaches to the host, and either the whole virus or the DNA of the virus enters the host cell - Synthesis: Virus DNA hijacks host cells and programs it to make copies of its own DNA + the viruses DNA - Assembly: Components of the copied virus within the host assemble to create new virus particles - Release: The new virus copies release from the host cell, killing the host cell in the process - Only takes 20-40 minutes, and can create up to 300 new virus particles - Lysogenic cycle: Attachment: Virus attaches to the host, and either the whole virus or the - DNA of the virus enters the host cell - Reproduction: DNA makes copies of itself during mitosis in the cell - Cytokinesis: Daughter cells have the virus DNA as part of their own DNA - The host is not killed, and many more generations of the virus can be made without ever harming the hosts

Answer 32

- Natural selection is considered a mechanism of evolution. Organisms that aren't adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success - Natural selection suggests that people with traits that are more beneficial in their environment reproduce more quickly, and this leads to traits becoming more common in the population in the next generation. This increases the frequency of a trait that's evolutionary change

Answer 33

This biologist is referred to as the Father of Taxonomy due to his efforts in the production of binomial nomenclature to name the organisms. His binomial system of classification employs two names, genus and species which is providing an easier time when naming the organism. This system gave a clear structure by which organisms could be classified according to their similarities. Because of the fixation of Linnaeus's system, scientists were able to classify the newly discovered species in a rational way. In organizing this diversity, or as a means of sorting through it, Linnaeus made it possible to study the relationships between life forms more effectively.

Answer 34

(Structures) - 3 learned components being mycelium, hypha, and the chitin of fungi - Mycelium being the branched mass of hyphae - Hypha being the thing Filament that makes up the body of the fungus, while having tubes of the cytoplasm with many nuclei. - Lastly the chitin, being the complex chemical found in the cell walls. (Functions) - 4 learned functional fungi within different ecosystems are saprobes, mycorrhizae, lichens, and parasites. - Saprobes decomposing of dead organisms, leaves, feces... main job is to recycle vital nutrients back to their environment surroundings. - Mycorrhizae have a certain relationship with roots of plants, providing increased water absorption allows receiving of nutrients from specific plant. - Lichens usually host algae, being held within the fungus of the plant. - Lastly parasites, specifically of animals and plants... which can impact a tree's roots to die and infect insects that are essential for diverse life.

Answer 35

The domain is Eukarya. The four kingdoms in Eukarya include: - Fungi: non-vascular, non-motile and heterotrophic organisms. Includes mushrooms, molds mildew and yeast. - Protista: motile, aquatic and most reproduce asexually and are unicellular. Includes any eukaryotic organism that is not a part of kingdoms fungi, plantae or animalia. - Plantae: non-motile, autotrophs (hence photosynthesis), contains chlorophyll, multicellular. - Animalia: multicellular, heterotrophic, able to move, have neurological systems, sensory organs and reproduce sexually (generally)

Answer 36

- Biological nomenclature classifies organisms by using their genus name and their species name. - The role of biological nomenclature is to give each living organism its own unique scientific name. - The genus is capitalized and indicates the group of organisms closely related to it, while the species name is in lowercase and identifies the specific organism within that genus. Biological nomenclature makes understanding different organisms easier for scientists due to how it specifically identifies each organism, which leads to less confusion when talking about a specific organism. - The fact that the names of these animals are derived from the Greek or Latin language also helps clear up the confusion due to how scientists can use the same names internationally without changing the language of the organisms' binomial nomenclature.

Answer 37

(A) Taxonomy

Answer 38

D) Protista

Answer 39

(B) epeirogeny

Answer 40

Answer: Natural selection is the process where organisms with traits that are better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Over time, these advantageous traits become more common in the population, leading to evolutionary change. Natural selection drives adaptation, shaping species to become more specialized for their environments.

Answer 41

Answer: Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms in an ecosystem, including different species, genetic variation within species, and the variety of ecosystems. It is important because high biodiversity enhances ecosystem stability, resilience, and productivity. It ensures natural sustainability, contributes to ecosystem services.

Answer 42

c) Arthropods. Most insects are arthropods and are invertebrates.

Answer 43

c) no plasma membrane. bacteria do contain plasma membranes

Answer 44

d) Viruses are not living so they do not have organelle to produce energy

Answer 45

Answers: - single celled and are less complex therefore do not create complex organisms - microorganisms - live in environments with low oxygen levels - lives in extreme climates - Prokaryotic - no nuclei or complex organelles

Answer 46

Answers: - both follow the number of species found on earth - both look at genetic diversity in species - biodiversity provides raw information about natural selection in evolution - explores the similarities and differences in genetic variation in the large and small scale