Unit 1 Animal Structures Flashcards
Groups of organs with specific structures and functions work together as systems, which interact with other systems in the body. The development and uses of technology to maintain human health are based, in part, on the changing needs of society.
What role do carbohydrates have in energy production?
A) To help absorb minerals
B) To act as the primary energy source and turn into glucose
C) To provide the body with vitamins
D) To hold and store fat in the body
Correct Answer: B
Explain the function of the digestive , circulatory and respiratory system and how do they fulfil our needs?
The function of the digestive system is to take in nutrients break them down and absorb them into the bloodstream. This fulfills the need to get nutrients to the bloodstream. The circulatory system’s function is to constantly supply blood, give the body nutrients and oxygen, and get rid of waste. This fulfills the need to deliver blood, and nutrients and remove waste form the body. The function of the respiratory system is to bring in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide. This fulfils the need of giving the cell energy from O2 and removing waste ( carbon dioxide).
Which type of blood is responsible for carrying oxygen around the body?
A) Red blood cells
B) Plasma
C) White blood cells
D) Platelets
Correct Answer: A
What statement clearly explains cellular respiration?
A - The process of which your body can stay at a constant, internal state. Meaning there is no internal issues long-term or short-term
B - a process that is necessary for an organism to live, that helps it maintain the environment around it.
C - A process in which the cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy. The energy formed in the process is ATP.
D - Breaks down food into nutrients for the body to use for energy, growth, and repair.
C - A process in which the cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy. The energy formed in the process is ATP.
Explanation - Cellular respiration consumes oxygen and produces energy to the body. ATP is a type of energy that is formed throughout this process.
Multiple choice - which of the following, are the little hairs and mucus, lined the respiratory tract that stop bacteria and unwanted particles from going into the lungs.
A - Cilia
B - glottis
C - bronchi
D - Alveoli
A - Cilia
Explanation - Cilia sweep foreign particles upward out of your trachea, to be either coughed out or swallowed.
In your opinion, which digestion is more important, chemical or mechanical? Explain why you believe this with thorough descriptions.
- Chemical digestion is more important (in my opinion)
- It breaks things down on a molecular level
- Miniscule pieces make absorbing nutrients easier
- Breaks down large pieces of food into smaller ones just as well as mechanical
- Answer differs depending on opinion
Bile is produced by the _________________, and stored in the __________________.
(A) liver, gallbladder
(B) gallbladder, liver
(C) gallbladder, small intestine
(D) gallbladder, gallbladder
(A) liver, gallbladder
Which of the following is specific only to the respiratory system
a) Epiglottis
b) Pharynx
c) Trachea
d) Mouth
c) Trachea
What are some similarities and differences between each of the body systems? Provide detailed examples.
- All body systems take in something for survival
- Digestive system takes in food, circulatory takes oxygen from air, respiratory takes air
- The systems all connect back to bloodstreams
- Circulatory is built off bloodstream, digestive has nutrients inserted into blood and respiratory provides oxygen to the blood
- Difference is that each system takes in different nutrients and have different structures
- Digestive system is end to end, circulatory is closed and respiratory has one opening as exit and entrance
Which statement explains how the respiratory, circulatory and digestive system work together to hold homeostasis.
A - The respiratory system provides oxygen to the digestive system and circulatory system, so that nutrients can be absorbed for the body.
B - The digestive system breaks down food for glucose, the respiratory system provides oxygen, and the circulatory system transports oxygen and glucose to the cells for energy.
C - The circulatory system supplies oxygen to the respiratory system, so it brings oxygen to the lungs, which helps with the breakdown of glucose from the food digested.
D - The systems provide no help to each other, and rely on their own function to keep the body at a constant, internal state.
B - The digestive system breaks down food for glucose, the respiratory system provides oxygen, and the circulatory system transports oxygen and glucose to the cells for energy.
Explanation - Homeostasis is holding a constant, internal state within the body, so with the three systems working together they do their specific functions to create energy.
Why are capillaries essential for their function in the circulatory system?
a) They prevent exchange of materials with the surrounding tissues
b) They facillliate high amounts of blood flow under high pressure
c) Their thin walls and narrow shape allow for exchange of gases and nutrients
d) Their elasticity allows for them to store high amounts of blood
Answer is C
How does the circulatory system work with the respiratory system for more efficiency?
a) It regulates the contracting of the diaphragm for more controlled breathing
b) It transports carbon dioxide to the alveoli for exchange with oxygen
c) It absorbs oxygen directly into the blood
d) It increases blood flow to meet energy requirements
Answer is B
What are the different circulatory systems and how do they function?
The different systems are open and closed circulation. The open system works by a tubular heart pumping blood and tissue fluid through the body cavity into a chamber that then recollects and returns to the heart. The closed system works by blood vessels moving in one direction from the heart around small branch vessels and then back to the heart.
What does GI Tract mean?
a) General Information Tract
b) Gastrointestinal Tract
c) Genetic Information Tract
b) Gastrointestinal Tract
What is the main reason that the small intestine takes up so much surface area?
a) To store digested food before it is absorbed
b) To speed up the movement of food through the GI tract
c) To maximise the amount of nutrient absorption through the villi and microvilli
d) To release enzymes for the pancreas
Answer is C
When looking at animal structures and the respiratory system, what lung includes the cardiac notch? What is the cardiac notch?
The left lung. The heart notch is a curve like indention in your left lung that makes space for your heart to fit in your chest.
Define homeostasis and the Negative Feedback Loop and give an example of of it
Answer:
Homeostasis is a biological response in which the effects of a reaction slow or stop that reaction. An example is regulation of body temperature if the body is too hot it will use mechanisms like sweating to cool the body down.
Describe the function of the human circulatory system.
Answer:
The human circulatory system is responsible for transporting essential things like oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells. and removing waste like carbon dioxide.
How does the heart’s structure ensure efficient transportation of blood throughout the body?
The four chambers of the heart provide transportation of both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood around the body. The valves between the chambers, provide the right directional path of the oxygenated blood to the body. As the deoxygenated blood enters through the superior vena cava, the blood flows through the heart to transfer the oxygenated blood out through the aorta to the rest of the body.
What is the main function of the villi in the small intestine? And how does it contribute to nutrient absorption?
Villi are finger-like projections of the small intestine mucosa that line the intestine wall. The villi is covered in microvilli that help with increasing the surface area within the small intestine. The villi contain capillaries and lacteal vessels that allow for nutrients to transfer into the lymphatic system and blood. The nutrients would be amino acids, sugars, and fatty acids, which would be the most nutrients absorbed from digested food.
When looking at circulatory systems, what is the definition of both an open and closed circulatory system? Provide an example of an animal that goes with each of the circulatory systems?
A closed circulatory system is when the circulatory system has blood that flows through vessels inside of the body, such as arteries and veins. An animal that has a closed circulatory system is humans. Well an open circulatory system has no vessels to contain blood, therefore it flows freely through the cavities of the body. An example of an animal that has a open circulatory system is worms.
What are the 4 stages of digestion in the proper order they go through in animal bodies?
a) Ingestion, Absorption, Digestion, Egestion.
b) Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Egestion.
c) Absorption, Ingestin, Egestion, Digestion.
d) Egestion, Absorption, Digestion, Ingestion.
b) Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Egestion.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a polysaccharide?
a) Complex Carbohydrates
b) Cellulose
c) Starch
d) Fructose
d) Fructose
What are the three main components of the circulatory system ?
a) Fluid , Tube , Pump
b) Blood , Plasma , Heart
c) Heart , Blood vessels , Blood
c) Heart , Blood vessels , Blood
A series of chemical reaction that occur in the cell that provides energy and consume and oxygen?
a) Respiration
b) Aerobic Cellar Respiration
c) Lungs
b) Aerobic Cellar Respiration
Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?
a. Glucose
b. Cellulose
c. Sucrose
d. Galactose
c. Sucrose
The pancreas secretes enzymes into which part of the digestive system to aid in digestion?
A) Jejunum
B) Stomach
C) Duodenum
D) Cecum
E) Colon
C) Duodenum
If Mark was blood type A- and needed a blood transfusion, what blood type could he receive blood from?
a. Type O+
b. Type A+
c. Type O-
d. Type AB-
c. Type O-
If someone’s small intestine was completely smooth how would their digestion be affected?
a) Increased absorption of water
b) Decreased absorption of nutrients
c) Increased absorption of nutrients
d) Bolus would not dissolve
b) Decreased absorption of nutrients (Correct - the small intestine has many small projections known as villi which increase the surface area of the small intestine to maximise nutrient absorption)
What is Metabolism?
A. - The minimum amount of energy required to keep you alive
B. - Two simple sugars joined together (lactose, sucrose)
C. - The set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms that are necessary to maintain life
D. - Process of a caterpillar turning into a Butterfly
C
What is the difference between an open and closed circulatory system?
a) An open circulatory system can pump blood under high pressure while a closed circulatory system pumps at a low pressure
b) An open circulatory system pumps under low pressure while a closed circulatory system can be pumped under high pressure
c) An open circulatory system and circulatory system have no differences and are the same
d) An open circulatory system contains blood in blood vessels throughout the body while a closed circulatory system pumps hemolymph through vessels
b) An open circulatory system pumps under low pressure while a closed circulatory system can be pumped under high pressure
How long is the small intestine?
A. - 7M
B. - 5M
C. - 8M
D. - 6M
A
Why does the heart in the cardiovascular system rely on the sinatrial node?
A) The SA node pushes deoxygenated blood to the lungs
B) Generates an electrical signal that causes the atria to contract
C) Being the coat of protection for the heart
D) Stimulates the contraction of ventricles
B) Generates an electrical signal that causes the atria to contract
Which of the following is not one of the 3 main components of the Circulatory system
A. - Tubes
B. - Pumps
C. - Veins
D. - Fluid
C
Give a brief description of the each of the main animal structures
ANSWER
The blood is pumped through the heart to the ventricles that delivers oxygenated blood to the muscles
Oxygen is inhaled using the diaphragm and into the trachea and then to the bronchioles extracts the oxygen and releases the carbon dioxide out your mouth of nose
Food is chewed then goes through the throat then into the stomach then through the digestive tract extracting the nutrients and the waste products comes out the anus
What happens when your lower gastral intestinal sphincter doesn’t close properly?
a) Ulcers
b) Vomiting
c) Acid reflux
d) IBS (Inflammatory Bowel Disease)
c) Acid reflux
Veins are blood vessels carrying the blood to the heart, and they have important structural differences to make them more effective. What is the most important of these structural differences and why is it important?
The most important structural difference in veins is the presence of valves, which none of the other blood vessels have. The presence of the valves is very important because it prevents the blood from flowing in the wrong direction. Unlike our arteries, veins do not have as much of the heart’s force to pump the blood and in most cases, have to fight gravity to pump blood back to the heart, so the veins aid in the process.
What is the main function of the pancreas?
a) Produces hormones that help to regulate glucose in the blood
b) Produce pepsin that break down proteins
c) Produces bile that emulsifies fats for absorption into the bloodstream
d) Produces enzymes that help break down nutrients
d) Produces enzymes that help break down nutrients
What type of vitamin can the human body generate on it’s own? And what does a lack of it cause the body to experience?
A) Vitamin A; Hinders your eye’s ability make pigments in your retina
B) Vitamin D; Can cause human bones to become thin, brittle, and more fragile
C) Vitamin K; Increased risk of bleeding and bruising
D) Vitamin E; Impaired reflexes and coordination, resulting in weakeness
B) Vitamin D; Can cause human bones to become thin, brittle, and more fragile
Explain how the digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems work together.
- They work together to produce energy using oxygen and transport this energy throughout the body
- Oxygen enters the body through the respiratory system, travels through the circulatory system, then this oxygen is used to produce ATP from the food we ingest
- After eating, the digestive system breaks down nutrients, the circulatory system delivers these nutrients to cells, and the respiratory system increases oxygen intake during exercise. The circulatory system delivers oxygen to support the increased energy demands.
Explain how metabolism works and why ATP and ADP are important.
- Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body that convert energy from food into a form that the body can use and perform other functions, the two main functions are:
Catabolism (breaking down) - Breaks down large molecules (eg. carbohydrates, fats, proteins) into small units (eg. glucose, fatty acids, amino acids)
Anabolism (building up) - It uses energy (often from ATP) to build complex molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which is essential for growth, repair and maintenance - ATP and ADP are important because:
Dynamic Equilibrium:
The constant cycling between ATP and ADP is critical for maintaining energy balance in the cell
Energy Efficiency:
ATP ensure energy is delivered in precise amounts of cell tasks
Central Role:
ATP links catabolic processes (energy release) to anabolic processes (energy consumption) - Metabolism, driven by the ATP/ADP cycle, is essential for life, enabling the body to generate store, and use energy efficiently
Case Study: A scubadiver dives 150 feet below sea level with all proper scuba gear. The diver ends up stuck at the bottom of the surface, the diver is losing air at a very fast rate. Explain in detail how this lack of oxygen would affect the 2 important systems of the human body.
Answer= Circulatory system + Respiratory System
Within the respiratory system…
- Body will attempt to breathe without oxygen, causing respiratory failure
- Levels of Co2 will rise rapidly, leading to learned problems like hypercapnia
- Both factors causing the respiratory failure to conclude, loss of conciouseness to transpire, as well as deep sea pressure crushing your lungs and squeezing all oxygen left out to make you sink to the bottom.
Within the circulatory system…
- Oxygen in lungs decreases, not allowing blood to become deoxygenated through the circulatory process
- The heart will compensate for the lack of oxygenated blood by bumping (lub dub) faster
- The faster and faster the heart rate increases, the more damage and strain the heart will obtain.
- With the heart being highly sensitive to low amounts of oxygen, the heart muscles decreases, pumping slower and slower through low amounts of time.
- This can lead to organ failure all across the body, such as your kidneys, your brain, lungs, and most of all your heart are at risk.
- Ultimately without the increase in oxygen very soon, this leads to heart failure and cardiac arrest.
Which of the following is NOT a negative feedback loop response?
a) Your body sweating to cool down itself
b) Your body secreting insulin to lower blood sugar levels
c) Your body releasing more platelets to clot blood
d) Your body decreasing its heart rate to increase blood pressure
Answer: c) Your body releasing more platelets to clot blood
- When a blood vessel is damaged, the platelets near the injury will release a chemical to attract even more platelets to help and clot the blood
- The platelets are causing a positive feedback loop response because it wants to increase the reaction so it can clot the blood faster
What happens to the body when it goes into the sympathetic system and why?
- goes into fight or flight mode
- pupils dilate to see better
- digestive system (including saliva production) stops, it isn’t nessary in the moment
- adrenaline increases heart rate
What happens during inhalation and exhalation?
Inhalation:
- diaphragm + external intercostal muscles reduce the air pressure
- air flows into the lungs Exhalation:
- diaphragm relaxes
- internal intercostal muscles pull the rib cage down
- increase in air pressure, forcing air out of the lungs
What percentage of the body is protein?
a) 16%
b) 20%
c) 1%
d) 6%
Answer: a) 16%
- Protein is the main component of muscles, bones, organs, skin, and nails
- They are the building blocks of the body
- Excluding water, muscles are 80% protein
Sara visits the doctor and is diagnosed with IBS(Irritable bowel syndrome). Which of the following symptoms would cause the doctor to diagnose her with IBS?
a. Sara has seasonal allergies
b. Sara has been constipated
c. Sara has been having a bad cough
d. Sara had a headache
b. Sara has been constipated
If a person eats a big stack of pancakes with syrup for breakfast, what enzyme will most likely be released during digestion to help break down the nutrients?
a) Lipase
b) Amylase
c) Trypsin
d) Enterokinase
Answer: b) Amylase
- Pancakes and syrup are very carb-heavy so amylase will be released
- Amylase is an enzyme released in the mouth and from the pancreas to break down carbohydrates
What would happen if type O positive blood is transfused to someone with type AB negative blood?
a) Nothing would happen; type O blood is the universal donor
b) The type AB antigens would react against the type O blood
c) The negative rhesus factor would react against the positive rhesus factor
d) Both the AB antigens and the negative rhesus factor would attack the type O positive blood
c) The negative rhesus factor would react against the positive rhesus factor
Why are stem cells used in so many different treatments and therapies?
Answer:
- Stem cells are the only cells in your body that can make different types of cells, such as muscle cells
- They can repair damaged tissue
- Stem cells can be manipulated to specialize into specific cells depending on the treatment needed
- For example, stem cells can be transplanted to replace cells that are damaged by chemotherapy in cancer patients to help the patient’s immune system to fight the cancer off
What accessory organ breaks down carbs
a) enterokinase
b) trypsin
c) lipase
d) pancreatic amylase
The correct answer is D because this enzyme, secreted by the pancreas, specifically breaks down carbohydrates (like starch) into simpler sugars during digestion.
Why is the serosa an important layer in the stomach for digestion?
Answer:
- The serosa holds the stomach together and it eliminates friction and wear and tear between organs
- The serosa has longitudinal, circular, and oblique muscles that work together to churn the food during digestion
Which of the following animals has a 2 chambered heart?
a. Salmon
b. Camel
c. Axolotl
d. Eagle
a. Salmon
What is Basal Metabolic rate?
A. The minimum amount of energy required to keep you alive
B. The rate at which the body converts stored energy into working energy
C. The maximum amount of food required to keep you alive
D. Eating the correct amount of calories each day
A) The minimum amount of energy required to keep you alive
How does gas exchange happen within the human body?
a) Capillaries surrounding the villi and microvilli in the lungs diffuse oxygen and carbon dioxide through tissue fluid and into the lungs and blood cells
b) Oxygen attaches to hemoglobin and is carried throughout the body
c) Alveolar sacs surrounded by capillaries diffuse oxygen into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide out of the body
d) Oxygen is breathed in through the lungs and carbon dioxide is exhaled out of the respiratory system
c) Alveolar sacs surrounded by capillaries diffuse oxygen into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide out of the body
Why are proteins important?
a) They are the main source of energy
b) They are involved in the cell process and repair
c) They are important functional and structural molecules
d) The regulate the body temperature and dissolve nutrients
c) Examples of proteins are enzymes and hormones, which have important functions in the body. Proteins are also the building blocks of the body, making them important for structural reasons as well.
Explain the complete process of digestion that occurs after you take a bite out of a turkey sandwich?
Stomach mechanically and chemically breaks it down with pepsin for proteins and churning
Small intestine chemically breaks down with help from the pancreas that continues breaking down carbs and the gall bladder that breaks down fats, carbs are turned into glucose and most nutrients are absorbed
Large intestine absorbs any water preasent.
Rectum excretes waste from body.
What is another word for white blood cells
a) leukocytes
b) platelets
c) erythrocytes
d) plasma
The correct answer is A because “leukocytes” is the scientific term for white blood cells
Pick Two Out Of The Respiratory, Circulatory and Digestive Systems and Explain How They Are Similar And How They Are Different.
Similarities:
- Essential for life
- Transportation of essentials for life, e.g., oxygen, nutrients, blood
Differences:
- Function
- Organ involvement
What is the main organ of each animal system? Why are they important to this system? What is their function?
Digestive system: Small intestine
- Majority of digestion and absorption happens here (chemical digestion with enzymes from the pancreas, which branches off the small intestine, and villi + microvilli allows for increased surface area for maximum absorption of nutrients)
Circulatory system: The heart
- Pumps blood to every area of the body (pumps blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygen + from left ventricle out into the body; receives deoxygenated blood from around the body through the veins to become oxygenated + circulated again)
Respiratory system: The lungs
- Allows for gas exchange (contains alveoli that are surrounded by capillaries, which exchange oxygen gas to be circulated throughout the body with carbon dioxide to be exhaled; allows for removal of CO2 waste)
Where does the first chemical reaction Occur to breakdown nutrients in the body
- Mouth
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small Intestine
- Our saliava carries a Enzynme called Amylase that helps breakdown Carbohydrates
What takes oxygen around the body?
A. Arteries
B. Veins
C. Red Blood Cells
D. Blood Vessels
C) Red Blood Cells
How many lobes does the left lung have?
a) 3
b) 2
c) 4
d) 1
b) The left lung has 2 lobes, whereas the right lung has 3. This is because there needs to be room for the heart, which is on the left side of the ribcage. The left lung also has a cardiac notch, which is where your heart fits.
Case Study: You are a volunteer PSW (Personal Work Supporter), your job is to ensure the safety of the elderly patients within WhiteCliffe Retirement Home. An old woman falls to the ground experiencing shortness of breath, abnormal pulse rate, and pain in her chest area. Through your expertise as a PSW, what type of issue do you believe is developing in this woman. WHY? (Hint: A Blank System Gone Wrong)
Answer= This is a major cardiovascular problem, focusing on the circulatory system gone wrong….
- All key symptoms exhibited such as the chest pain, high pulse rate, shortness of breath, and the loss of strength and balance to stand is very clearly related to the heart in general.
- These are clear signs of many different circulatory problems, but the most common yet dangerous one being the heart attack or (myocardial infarction)
- Your main job as a PSW must be to call 9-1-1 for emergency services, keep patient calm and be there for them, if oxygen is available allow assistance of ventialtion, and await until services come.
What Order Does Digestion Occur?
a. Egestion, Absorption, Digestion, Ingestion
b. Ingestion, Absorption, Digestion, Egestion
c. Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Egestion
d. Egestion, Digestion, Absorption, Ingestion
c. Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Egestion
Explain how each animal system is connected to one another and why this is important to survival.
- Digestive system: Provides cells with essential nutrients in order to function properly; nutrients are transferred from your small intestine, through capillaries and into your bloodstream to be transported around the body
- Respiratory system: Provides cells with oxygen, gas exchange allows for removal of carbon dioxide; oxygen is transferred from the alveolar sacs in your lungs, through capillaries and into your bloodstream to be transported around the body
- Circulatory system: Serves as a delivery system for nutrients + waste and oxygen + carbon dioxide; allows for every function within each system to continue functioning
- Without cells getting the nutrients + oxygen that they need, cells + you can die
What does the Pancreases do and name the enzymes
The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that help break down food in the small intestine
Amylase: Breaks down carbohydrates.
trypsin – enzyme; protein digestion
lipase – enzyme; breaks down lipids
enterokinase - an enzyme that converts inactive trypsinogen into trypsin
What is expiratory reserve volume?
a. The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled during a single breath
b. The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal, involuntary breath
c. The volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal inhalation
d. The volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation
e. The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation
f. The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled
d. The volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation
How do the lungs oxygenate the blood?
The lungs oxygenate the blood by allowing oxygen to pass from the alveoli into the blood in capillaries, where it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the alveoli to be exhaled.
What are the 4 stages of digestion and what is one major function of each?
The 4 stages of digestion are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion. Digestion is used to get the food from the outside in, it begins in the mouth where it is physically and chemical broken down. Ingestion is when the body moves the food down from the mouth and starts the breakdown of nutrients. Absorption is when the nutrients get taken from the digestive system to the bloodstream. And egestion is when the body removes the waste.
What are the accessory organs and their functions?
The accessory organs are liver, gallbladder, and the pancreas. The liver produces bile, nutrients, and detoxifies harmful substances. The gallbladder stores and releases bile for fat digestion. And the pancreas produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, it also regulates blood sugars.
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
A) To move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases
B) To move blood throughout the body C) Converts the foods we eat into their simplest forms
D) All of the above
B
Where does the majority of absorption occur in the small intestine?
A) Duodenum
B) Jejunum
C) Ileum
D) Sphincter
C
- Which animal structure system is known as the delivery system?
Digestive System
B) Circulatory System
C) Respiratory System
D) Nervous system
B
If a patient is diagnosed with a condition that reduces the elasticity of their arteries how might they be affected?
a) Arteries become more efficient at delivering blood to muscles
b) Your heart does not have to pump as hard
c) Your blood pressure decreases as your arteries cant pump anymore blood
d) Causes an inability to regulate and accommodate the high blood pressure
d) Causes an inability to regulate and accommodate the high blood pressure (Correct - your arteries need to be able to expand and contract in order to accommodate for the high pressure and regulate the difference between the high and low pressures)
What would happen if someone’s Tricuspid valve couldn’t fully close?
a) Blood would leak backwards into their right atrium
b) Gastric juices would go up into their esophagus
c) Blood would leak back into their aorta
d) Food would fall down their trachea
a) Blood would leak backwards into their right atrium (Correct - if someones Tricuspid valve couldn’t fully close then when the right ventricle contracts to send blood through the pulmonary artery nothing would be stopping the blood from rushing backwards into the right atrium)
If Mike wanted to become a body builder why might he add more protein to his diet? What enzymes in Mike’s digestive system would help him to digest this protein?
- Protein helps to build and repair your body’s tissues which helps body builders by providing them with the ability to grow their muscle mass
- Pepsin breaks down proteins in your stomach and Trypsin breaks down proteins in your small intestine
What are beneficial adaptations that athletes would gain from training in higher altitudes (specifically their lungs and blood)?
- The body would start to produce more Red Blood cells which allows the blood to carry more oxygen (beneficial for athletes as they need to supply their muscles with lots of oxygen)
- Your lungs would become stronger and more efficient (the pressure difference between the air in your lungs and the air outside is not as great and the oxygen concentrations are also lower which means your lungs learn how to breath more effectively)
- By making these physical adaptations athletes will in theory have a better performance when they return to lower altitudes with much higher oxygen concentrations
What does bile do to aid in digestion
a) breaks down fats into individual fatty acids
b) emulsifies fat into tiny pieces
c) absorbs vitamins into the body
d)breaks down carbohydrates into individual sugars
ANSWER: A) BREAKS DOWN FATS INTO INDIVIDUAL FATTY ACIDS
Which part of the digestive system breaks down the most food chemically?
A-Mouth
B-Small intestine
C-Stomach
D-Colon
The answer is B because in the small intestine it carries the most fluids such as bile and this helps the food digest chemically.
Which of the following best describes the purpose of aerobic cellular respiration
a) to provide oxygen to blood cells
b) to provide oxygen into the lungs
c) to break down ATP and ADP
d) to provide energy to the body
ANSWER: D) TO PROVIDE ENERGY TO THE BODY
Mammals and birds have a septum located between to ventricles in the heart. How does the septum make a circulatory system more efficient?
The septum separates the left and right ventricles creating a barrier and forming a four chambered heart. The separation of the two ventricles allows for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing. This separation allows for a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body.
In what part of the lungs oxygenates the blood?
A- bronchioles
B- bronchai
C- avioli
D-Trachea
Avioli is the correct answer. This is because once the air you breathed in traveled to the alveoli located near the bottom of your lungs the process will start as it oxygenates your blood. Once oxygenated the blood is carried to the heart.
What are the four layers of the stomach and how do they help your body digest?
-The four layers of the stomach are mucosa, submuscosa, muscularis and serosa.
-The muscosa in the inner lining of the stomach, this layer contains enzymes and acids to help digest the food.
-The submucosa attaches the musosa and muscularis while detecting food and initiating gastric release.
-The musularis is a layer of muscle that helps move partly digested food into the bowls. The serosa is the outer protective layer of the stomach
Which of the following order of flow in the circulatory system?
A- veins, arteries, capillaries, heart
B- arteries, veins, capillaries, heart
C- heart, arteries, capillaries, veins
D- capillaries, veins, arteries, heart
C is the correct answer because the flow in the circulatory system will always start at the heart. It is not possible for it to start anywhere else considering the other places don’t pump blood.
What would happen if the gallbladder were removed in your system? Would you digest food any differently?
If your gallbladder was removed you would have a hard time digesting fatty foods. The bile that is normally produced from the gallbladder will no longer be produced in the same spot and the digestion process would be hard.
What does the pancreas NOT do?
A0 Secretes hormones
b) Produces enzymes
c) Converts trypsinogen into trypsin
d) Converts pepsinogen into pepsin
d) Converts pepsinogen into pepsin. The stomach does this, not the pancreas.
Which is a disaccharide?
a) Lactose
b) Glucose
c) Carbohydrate
d) Fructose
a) Lactose. The rest are monosaccharides
What muscle decreases pressure in the lungs by raising the chest cavity?
a) Internal intercostal muscle
b) External intercostal muscle
c) Diaphragm
d) Medulla Oblongata
b) External intercostal muscle
What are the uses of mucus in the digestive system? (written)
Mucus helps you lubricate food and swallow bolus and it shields the mucosa layer of your stomach wall from stomach acid and pepsin.
How does an open circulatory system work? (written)
The tubular heart pumps the hemolymph through the vessels into the sinuses where it bathes the body tissues through diffusion. Then it recollects and goes back to the heart.
Question: Which tissue sends messages throughout the body
a) Epithelial tissue
b) Messenger tissue
c) Nerve tissue
d) Connective tissue
e) Bone tissue
c)
nerve tissue because it sends electrical messages
Question: what provides the heart with oxygenated blood
a) Coronary veins
b) Blood vessels
c) Aortic veins
d) Coronary arteries
e) Pulmonary arteries
d)
The coronary arteries are at the back of the heart and bring blood and oxygen towards the heart.
Question: Which of these is not a function of basal metabolism
a) maintaining body temperature
b) tissue repair and growth
c) walking or running
d) brain activity
c)
basal metabolism controls involuntary actions and walking is a voluntary action
Question: Name the three basic functions of nutrients in the body and explain how they help to maintain homeostasis
The three basic functions of the nutrients in the body are providing energy, contributing to body structure, and regulating chemical processes in the body. These basic functions help to maintain homeostasis by allowing the body to detect and respond to environmental surroundings, excrete wastes, move, breathe, grow, and reproduce
Involuntary muscle contractions that move food:
a) peristalsis
b) absorption
c) involuntary digestion
d) anabolism
Answer a
Maximum amount of air volume inhaled or exhaled:
a) inspiratory reserve volume
b) tidal volume
c) vital capacity
d) lung capacity
Answer c
Cell fragments in the blood necessary for clotting:
a) leukocytes
b) platelets
c) fibrinogen
d) macrophages
Answer b
Name the four layers of the stomach and explain what they do.
- Mucosa (most inner layer): Creates a barrier that keeps all of the gastric acids inside of it and protects the stomach from eating itself.
- Submucosa (second most inner layer): protects the mucosa.
- Muscularis (third most inner layer): moves in all directions to churn the food inside the stomach.
- Serosa (outer layer): protects the stomach from friction to avoid creating heat and wear and tear.
Explain the whole process of breathing.
- The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, making the lungs expand and causing a change in pressure in the lungs.
- Air is sucked in through the nostrils or mouth due to that change in pressure.
- Air is moistened and warmed by the nasal cavity.
- Goes past the epiglottis and through the glottis down to the trachea.
- Travels through the trachea, through one of the two bronchi, through the bronchioles, and into the alveoli
- In the alveoli, the oxygen in the air and the carbon dioxide in the blood perform gas exchange by diffusing through the thin walls of capillaries surrounding the alveoli.
- After the gas exchange is complete, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing another change in pressure that allows all the carbon dioxide-rich air to go back through the bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, glottis, nasal cavity, and exit through our mouth or nose.
