Unit 4: Developmental Psychology (CORE VOCABULARY) Flashcards
Developmental Psychology
The behavioral capacities & how behavior changes with age.
Zygote
Fertilized egg cell
Embryo
Multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development, from the time of first cell division until birth, hatching, or germination.
Teratogens
An agent, such as a virus, a drug, or radiation, that causes malformation of an embryo or fetus.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Condition marked by stunted growth of the head and body; malformations of the face, heart, and ears; and nervous system damage, including seizures, hyperactivity, learning disabilities, and mental retardation.
Rooting Reflex
reflex consisting of head-turning and sucking movements elicited in a normal infant by gently stroking the side of the mouth or cheek.
Maturation
The process of growing up into adulthood.
Habituation
Decrease in a person’s response to a stimulus after it has been presented repeatedly.
Piaget’s stages of Cognitive Development:…..
Sensimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.
Sensimotor
1st stage- Primarily learning through putting stuff in your mouth & feeling it with hands. (0-2 yrs)
Preoperational
2nd Stage- No concept of conversation or object permanence. (2-7 yrs)
Concrete operational
Ability to deal with the properties of concrete objects but not hypothetical or abstract questions (7-11 yrs)
Formal operational
The mental processes that deal with abstract, hypothetical situations. THese processes demand logical, deductive reasoning and systematic planning. (11+ yrs)
Schema
An organized way of interacting in the world based on what you ALREADY know.
Assimilation
Old schema to new objects.
Accomodation
MODIFYING past experiences. Child becomes aware that living things that move, cannot be living and still be moving.
Equilibration
Ability to use both sensory motor and pre-operational to make meaning of ALL new experiences.
Object Permanence
“Peek-a-boo”. Ability to know something exists even when you can’t see it.
Conservation
Ability to tell volume of an object in parts to the whole.
Egocentrism
Inability to take the perspective of another person; a tendency to view the world as entered around oneself.
Stranger Anxiety
Close to your mother. Cannot be left alone.
Attachment
Long-term feeling of closeness between people, such as a child and a caregiver.
Self Concept
As children progress through the sensorimotor stage of development, they appear to gain some concept of “self.”
Adolescence
When the body reaches puberty.
Puberty
The onset of sexual maturation.
Primary Sex Characteristics
Genitals and organs of reproduction.
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Appear during puberty.
Kohlberg’s stages of MORAL reasoning:….
Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional
Preconventional
Morality is determined by sheer power of outside authority. (0-6 yrs)
Conventional
Expectations of OTHERS drives decisions on what is right & wrong. What society expects. (7-11 yrs.)
Postconventional
Doing what is right because it’s the “right” thing to do. (11+ yrs)
Identity
Personality. Who YOU are.
Menopause
Menstruations stops for women.
Life Expectancy
The average age of death, or the expectancy of your death.
Alzheimer’s Disease
One of the cognitive changes, due to brain plaque.
“Social Clock”
“My clock is clicking”
“Biological Clock”
Women’s time of ending of menopause.
Thanatology
Study of death.
Identical Twins Vs. Fraternal Twins
Develop from same fertilized egg (monozygotic) vs. twins who develop from two eggs (dizygotic) fertilized by two different sperm
Sex Linked Genes
Gene located on the X chromosome
Heritability
Estimate of the variance within a population that is due to heredity. The likeness of behavior are genetic.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Inherited disorder in which a person lacks the chemical reactions that convert a nutrient called phenylalanine into other chemicals; unless the diet is carefully controlled, the affected person will become mentally retarded.
Moral Dilemmas
Problem that pits one moral value against another.
Issues with Identity
Adolescents have to IDENTIFY with many groups such as family, peers, religious groups, sports teams, school groups, etc.
Identity Crisis
Concerns with decisions about the future and quest for self-understanding.
Identity Diffusion
Experiment with many roles, not required to make a choice.
Identity Foreclosure
Passive acceptance of a role as defined by a parent or other family member.
Identity Achievement
Makes a decision about who they are but is flexible about the future and changes that may occur.
Terror Management Theory
Coping with our fear of death by avoiding thinking about death and by affirming a worldview that provides self esteem, hope, and value in life.
Parenting Styles:….
Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Indifferent
Authoritative
Parents keep control, but allow the child to have some decision making. Punishments are usually explained are why the were imposed.
Authoritarian
Parents impose rules and expect obedience or nothing.
Permissive
Parents are controlled by their children. They make few demands or impose few rules.
Indifferent
Parents who pay little attention to their children.
Acculturation
Transition from feeling part of the culture of one’s original country to the culture of the country that one enters.
Biculturalism
Ability to alternate between membership in one culture and membership in another.
Nature vs. Nurture
What you’re “Born” with vs. How you “Develop” after you’re born.
Conception and Gestation:…
Nutrition, drug, illness influences
Gilligan’s stages of Moral development
Same as Kohlberg’s. HOWEVER, believed girls reached a higher level of morality EARLIER than boys.
Levels of Intimacy as people mature
Becomes less
Cognitive changes as people age
- Memory loss
- Alzheimer’s Disease
- Amygdala becomes slower
Sex and Gender socialization as people mature
Start to spread more apart from each other.
Freud’s stages of psychosocial development
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Oral
Pleasure centers in the mouth
Anal
Pleasure focuses on the bowel and bladder
Phallic
Pleasure derived from genitals
Latency
Dormancy
Genital
Maturation of sexual interests.
Mary Ainsworth
Studied a procedure of a mother and her infant in a room while a stranger comes in and the mother leaves.
Albert Bandura
Believed we learn many behaviors before we try them the first time.
Erick Erickson
Divided the human lifespan into eight periods that he variously called ages or stages.
Harry Harlow
Studied the reactions of a monkey growing up in a cage alone with a stuffed warm monkey and a metal monkey with food.
Konrad Lorenz
Discovered IMPRINTING.
Lev Vygotsky
Said every child has a “zone of proximal development” in which the child is ready to learn a new concept that is neither to difficult or too easy.
Ner should be taught things they ALREADY KNOW.
