Study Guide Answers

Question 1

Zygote

Answer 1

Fertilized egg cell

Question 2

Male Chromosome

Answer 2

X and Y chromosome

Question 3

Female Chromosome

Answer 3

XX chromosome

Question 4

Identical Vs. Fraternal twins Vs. Siblings and their significance.

Answer 4

Identical twins- are MONOZYGOTIC formed from a single vs. Fraternal twins- are DIZYGOTIC formed from two separate eggs.

Question 5

Nature vs. Nurture

Answer 5

Nature- What you’re “Born” with vs. Nurture- How you “develop” after your born.

Question 6

Heritability

Answer 6

Estimate of the variance within a population that is due to heredity. The likeness of behavior are genetic.

Question 7

PKU

Answer 7

Inherited disorder in which a person lacks the chemical reactions that convert a nutrient called Phenylalanine into other chemicals; unless the diet is carefully controlled, the affected person will become mentally retarded.

Question 8

Underweight newborns

Answer 8

Less than 4 pounds. Low birth weight are cause because their mothers were poorly nourished, unhealthy, victims of family violence, possibly smoking or drinking during pregnancy and not receiving medical care. Low birthweight leads to impaired brain development and academic and behavior problems.

Question 9

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 9

Condition marked by stunted growth of the head and body; malformations of the face, heart, and ears; and nervous system damage, including seizures, hyperactivity, learning disabilities, and mental retardation.
Alcohol facilitates the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain and interferes with the main excitatory neurotransmitter. Therefore, decreases neurons’ arousal and leads them to self-destruct.

Question 10

Teratogens

Answer 10

An agent, such as a virus, a drug, or radiation, that causes malformation of an embryo or fetus.

Question 11

Piaget Stages: Schema, accommodation, assimilation, object permanence, conservation

Answer 11

Schema- An organized way of interacting in the world based on what you ALREADY know.
Accommodation- MODIFYING past experiences. Child becomes aware that living things that move, cannot be living and still be moving.
Assimilation- Old schema to new objects.
Object permanence- “Peek-a-boo”. Ability to know something exists even when you can’t see it.
Conservation- Ability to tell volume of an object in parts to the whole.

Question 12

Terror Management Theory

Answer 12

Coping with our fear of death by avoiding thinking about death and by affirming a worldview that provides self esteem, hope, and value in life.

Question 13

Lev Vygotsky: Zone of proximal development

Answer 13

Said every child has a “zone of proximal development” in which the child is ready to learn a new concept that is neither to difficult or too easy.
Ner should be taught things they ALREADY KNOW.

Question 14

Kohlberg Stages

Answer 14

Preconventional-Morality is determined by sheer power of outside authority. (0-6 yrs)
Conventional- Expectations of OTHERS drives decisions on what is right & wrong. What society expects. (7-11 yrs.)
Postconventional- Doing what is right because it’s the “right” thing to do. (11+ yrs)

Question 15

Erik Erickson’s Social development Stages: Childhood, Adolescence, Late Adulthood.

Answer 15

Infant (0-1)- Trust vs. Mistrust
Adolescent (12-15)- Identity vs. Role Diffusion
Young Adult (16-24)- Intimacy vs. Isolation
Adulthood (60+)- Ego vs. Despair

Question 16

3 Parenting Style

Answer 16

Authoritarian- Parents impose rules and expect obedience or nothing
Authoritative- Parents keep control but allow the child to have some decision making. Punishments are usually explain are why they were imposed.
Permissive- Parents are controlled by their children.