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AP Psych > UNIT 4: Cognition > Flashcards

UNIT 4: Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

long term potentiation

A

-synaptic connections between neurons get stronger with frequent use
-neurological underpinning of memory formation.

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2
Q

storage

A
  • explain how memories are formed
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3
Q

retrieved

A

information is remebered

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4
Q

Multi-store Model of Memory

A

-model on how memory is processed
- in a linear way

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5
Q

sensory memory store

A
  • 1ST STOP
  • information first enters here
  • divided into sub systems (iconic, echoic)
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6
Q

Iconic

A

visual stimulus

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7
Q

echoic

A

auditory stimulus

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8
Q

Short term memory

A
  • 2ND STOP
  • information is encoded acoustically
  • STM has a limited capacity (5-9 items) and duration (30 seconds)
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9
Q

encoding

A

processed into the brain

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10
Q

Long term memory

A
  • 3RD STOP
  • If we rehearse the information enough it enters the LTM
    -information is encoded semantically (based on its meaning)
  • unlimited capacity/storage/duration
  • Memories are retrieved from LTM when we are remembering
  • LTM is divided into subdivisions: explicit and implicit
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11
Q

memory consolidation

A

any process by which the brain turns short-term memories into long-term memories

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12
Q

explicit memory

A

-is our LTM of facts and experiences we consciously know and can verbalise
- Further divided into semantic and episodic memory

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13
Q

Semantic

A

facts and knowledge

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14
Q

episodic

A

personal and experiences of events

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15
Q

implicit memory

A

is our LTM for skills and procedures to do things
- procedural is a subsection of this

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16
Q

Automatic

A
  • unoconcious
  • usually occurs with experience e.g driving to work every day without conscious awareness of some of the journey.
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17
Q

Effortful

A

requires focus and attention (conscious effort) e.g. driving somewhere unfamiliar.

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18
Q

Working Memory Model

A
  • how working memory (our primary memory system) uses multiple systems to process information into LTM
  • As information enters the sensory memory, it is divided up into slave systems known as:
  • phonological loop
  • visuospatial sketchpad
  • central executive
  • These different ‘slave systems’ can process information simultaneously, however, stimulus that requires the same slave system can result in processing difficulties.
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19
Q

phonological loop

A

responsible for processing auditory information.

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20
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

responsible for processing visual and spatial information.

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21
Q

central executive

A

processes information from the slave system to the LTM (the organiser)

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22
Q

Levels of Processing Model

A

how well we remember information depends on how deeply we process it

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23
Q

shallow encoding

A

this is structural/visual encoding - focuses on the physical characteristics i.e. lines, edges and curves.

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24
Q

Phonemic Encoding

A

auditory processing

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25
Q

deep encoding

A

when we make associations with the new information and our memories. Semantic encoding is part of this deep processing (the meaning).

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26
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to perform an action at a certain time
EX: remembering to take medicine after breakfast

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27
Q

STM strategies

A
  • Serial Position Effect
    Recency Effect
  • Chunking
  • Mnemonic Devices
  • Method of Loci
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28
Q

Chunking

A
  • STM has a limited capacity to increase this you can use the chunking strategy
  • This is when we break items down into smaller, more manageable chunks
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29
Q

chunking example

A

Example:
+44775448616

+44 775 448 616: breaking it into sections

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30
Q

Mnemonics

A
  • STM encodes based on sound
  • ## mnemonics are memory devices usually involving imagery or rhyme.
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31
Q

method of loci

A
  • where information is associated with a visualisation of a familiar path or route.
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32
Q

LTM memory strategies

A

-Serial Position Effect
-Spacing Effect
-Distributed vs Mass Practice
-Primacy Effect
-Hierarchies and Categories

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33
Q

Hierarchy

A

systems in which items are grouped and arranged in categories or concepts

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34
Q

Spacing Effect

A

the tendency to remember things better if the learning is spread over a long time period (distributed practice), rather than over a short time period (mass practice)

35
Q

massed practice

A

learning a lot in a short period of time (cramming)

36
Q

distributed practice

A

learning is spread over a long time period

37
Q

Serial position effect

A

tendency to remember the first few and last few words in a list, and forget those in the middle of the list.

38
Q

Primacy effect

A

The tendency to recall earlier words

39
Q

recency effect

A

The tendency to recall the later words

40
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

This is the process of consciously repeating something.

41
Q

Elaborative rehersal

A

Linking new information to what one already knows.

42
Q

memory retention

A

the ability to remember information over a period of time

43
Q

Autobiographical Memory

A

Memories of your life’s experiences and events

44
Q

highly superior autobiographical memory

A

their brains store information most people would have ignored ‘shoes worn on the first day of school’ or the ‘day of the week when you ate at your now favourite restaurant’.

45
Q

memory consolidation

A

how the brain transforms short-term memories into long-term memories

46
Q

retrieval

A

how people use memory to recall and recognize facts, ideas, and experiences

47
Q

recall

A

remembering without cues

48
Q

recognition

A

remembering with the aid of cues

49
Q

Retrieval Cues

A

consists of:
-context dependent
-mood-congruent memory
-state dependent

50
Q

context dependent memory

A

our recall is often better when we recall information in the same physical setting in which we encode it.

51
Q

state dependent cues

A

our recall is often better when we recall information in the same physiological state in which we encoded it.

52
Q

mood congruent memory

A

your mood also impacts memory retrieval - if you are currently feeling happy, it is likely any memories you recall will be of the same mood.

53
Q

testing effect

A

-Testing an individual’s memory makes the memory stronger and easier to retrieve
-Successful retrieval is more likely if information is retrieved over and over again as practice.

54
Q

source amnesia

A

-we have a memory of something but we fail to remember the source
-often people think they have experienced something, when actually you are remembering someone else’s story

55
Q

infantile amnesia

A

Children are unable to remember anything before the age of 2

56
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

an inability to form new memories.

57
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

an inability to retrieve past memories.

58
Q

Misinformation effect

A

-Misleading information, or even conversations we have with people post event can be weaved into our memories and become part of our reality.

59
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue

A

-Inadequate Retrieval
-When we know that we know something but can’t seem to pull it completely out of memory

60
Q

Proactive interference

A

**-Old interferes with new
**
-Occurs when something you have learnt before, disrupts recall of something new.

61
Q

retroactive interference

A

-New interferes with old
-Occurs when new information interferes with remembering old information.

62
Q

Repression

A

Memories forgotten due to distress
-It is the unconscious forgetting of painful memories that occurs as a defence mechanism to protect our self-concept and minimise anxiety.

63
Q

Forgetting Curve

A

-Time is a factor in forgetting
-Memories weaken over time. If we learn something new, but then make no attempt to relearn that information, we remember less and less of it as the hours, days and weeks go by.

64
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

-Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia
-brain disease that results in neuron connections being lost, particularly in the hippocampus

65
Q

Constructive Memory

A

-A psychological concept that analyses how the brain creates memories
-memories may not fully recall real happenings or events since they can be altered by new information

66
Q

Imagination Inflation

A

-A type of memory distortion that occurs when imagining an event that never happened increases confidence in the memory of the event.

67
Q

cognition

A

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating information

68
Q

concepts

A

mental groupings of similar objects/events/ideas or people

69
Q

prototype

A

an exemplar/mental image of the best example of a category. We use this to quickly match stimulus.

70
Q

Metacognition

A

Thinking about how you think / being aware of one’s awareness.
-executive function- cognitive processes that allow individuals to generate, organise, plan and carry out goal-directed behaviours

71
Q

creativity

A

The ability to think about a problem or idea in new and unusual ways; to come up with unconventional solutions.

72
Q

divergent thinkers

A

produce many answers to the same question; a feature of creative thinking.
EX: Brainstorm

73
Q

convergent thinkers

A

use problem solving strategies directed toward one correct solution to a problem.

74
Q

Algorithm

A

a problem solving strategy that involves a slow, step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution.

75
Q

heuristics

A

-mental shortcuts
-Heuristics are a much faster problem solving strategy, but can result in an incorrect solution

76
Q

Availability Heuristics

A

This is based on the assumption that whatever is available in LTM is remembered because it has occurred frequently in the past and so is more likely to occur in the future.

EX: We tend to think shark attacks are more dangerous as they are in the news more, but bees have killed more people

77
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

cognitive shortcut that individuals use to judge the likelihood of an event based on how similar it is to a prototype in their minds.
EX: thinking a grandma is nice and helpful just because its a grandma

78
Q

Gambler’s fallacy

A

expecting that a run of blacks on a roulette table makes landing a red more likely the next time due to a (incorrect) perception that there is balance.

79
Q

Fixation

A

the inability to look at a problem from a fresh perspective

80
Q

Mental Set

A

a type of fixation. It is the tendency to approach a problem in only a certain way that has been successful in the past

81
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

a failure to use an object in an unusual way
EX: A failure to realise you can turn a screw with a coin

Creative thinking is hindered by functional fixedness

82
Q

framing effect

A

cognitive bias where an individual’s choice from a set of options is influenced more by how the information is worded or framed, rather than by the information itself

83
Q

sunk cost fallacy

A

our tendency to continue with an endeavor we’ve invested money, effort, or time into—even if the current costs outweigh the benefits

84
Q

Priming

A

-phenomenon in which exposure to a stimulus, such as a word or image, influences how one responds to a subsequent, related stimulus
-It is the act of preconditioning the mind for a particular theme or idea through prior exposure.

AP Psych (3 decks)

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